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黄河在中国人心目中

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一直占有非常重要的位置

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现在有一支探索队要寻找它的源头

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跟随它绵延五千五百公里

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直至大海

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本节目就记录了他们的旅程

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在黄河沿岸地区生活的居民

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时至今日仍然保留着

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祖先几百年前的一些习惯和传统

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这鼓声已经在黄土山间

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响彻了几个世纪

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中国最古老的文学作品

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周朝的《诗经》中

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详细形容了二千年多前的农民

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所跳的传统舞蹈

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这些农民排列整齐得像一队军人

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超过一千名农民腰间绑着一个鼓

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在寒冷的冬天

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像托钵僧似的，一边跳一边转

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中国人在早春时分庆祝农历新年

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即使当地最勤劳的农民

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都会休息几天，尽情庆祝

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在这里耕种不易有好收成

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这里雨量少，有时甚至不下雨

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稀疏的沙土又易为狂风侵蚀

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在其他地区

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突如其来的倾盆大雨冲走大量泥沙

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令努力开垦土地的农民十分沮丧

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黄土，黄河

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黄河之所以叫黄河

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就是因为这些黄色的细微沙土

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它们被风吹，或被雨水冲刷

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大量流入河中

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沙土积聚在河底成为淤泥

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令黄河水位上升至接近河岸的水平

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在夏天

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两岸居民用黄河水洗涤、煮食

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灌概及饮用

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在冬天，黄河结冰

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居民可以在上面行走、骑自行车

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甚至溜冰

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渡轮是当地重要的交通工具

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泥浆本来没什么特别

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不过由于黄土泥浆中

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仍然含有很多水份，所以富有弹性

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大家玩得不亦乐乎

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这一段黄河，河水不再只是河水

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而是一道流动的泥浆

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想令水能够饮用

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一定要在水中加入明矾

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使杂质沉淀

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黄河将山西省和陕西省分隔

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这两个省份的景致虽然相似

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但气候则十分不同

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一个寒冷而潮湿

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另一个则寒冷而干燥

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在这无尽的山丘上

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有些与周围环境融为一体的

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小镇和村落

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村民住的房屋

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可以称得上是世上独一无二

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这些房屋叫作窑洞

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就像用沙堆砌的堡垒

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在山崖和高原上挖掘而成

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唐代诗人杜甫早在八世纪

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已经撰诗形容这些窑洞

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当地居民不止沿用古时的窑洞

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而且不断兴建新的窑洞

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证明这种居所实用并舒适

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在山西、陕西和河南

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这三个位于黄河中游地带的省份

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一共有四千万人居住在这种窑洞里

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当中很多都是由父传子

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代代相传的祖居

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远处传来喇叭、笛子

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铜锣和鼓的声音

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非常热闹

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原来一队婚礼行列

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正经过这个沙土飞扬的断崖

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驴子载着新娘子

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慢慢前往新郎所住的村落举行婚礼

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这里寒风刺骨

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但是宾客热情地祝福他们白头到老

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让一对新人觉得十分温暖

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新郎带领新娘子

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骑驴行走五公里到新居

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办喜事连驴子都要绑上红色绣球

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新娘子廿三岁，丈夫比她大一岁

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两人是盲婚哑嫁

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小朋友急不及待去报告

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一对新人正在路上

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所有村民都挤在街道和屋顶

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欢迎他们

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迎亲队伍计算好吉时

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新娘子正好在中午十二点

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跨进新屋的门槛

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新婆婆欢天喜地走出来

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送一块生猪肉给儿媳妇

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猪肉代表多生育

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新婆婆祝福一对新人早日开枝散叶

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新郎与新娘一起进屋

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结婚礼物已经放在屋子里了

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看来新娘对礼物比对丈夫更有兴趣

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毕竟他们由相亲至今只见过三次面

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绝对称不上亲密

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新娘一进屋就要进行开眼仪式

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即洗脸和梳头

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之后她就正式成为这个家的一份子

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她穿上自己最漂亮的外套

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不过没有为结婚作特别打扮

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两家人交换结婚礼物

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新娘买了一个收音机

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一个钟表和一张沙发

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还为新郎买了一对新鞋

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传统上，新郎要立刻换上这对新鞋

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希望大小合脚

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大家都松了一口气

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这对鞋好像量身订造一样合适

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到了晚上

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朋友和邻居都获邀参加晚会

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一起祝福新人

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这个称不上是什么结婚宴会

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只是一班亲朋戚友和邻居

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聚在一起玩乐饮酒

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目的是尽量令已经正式

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结成夫妇的一对新人熟悉些

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到晚会临近结束时

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这对本来陌生的新人

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就要携手开始新生活

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宾客要新人头撞头

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这样做是祝福他们好运

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起哄之后新人终于撞头

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不过新娘似乎没想到这么疼

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中国中部的黄土地区

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有一种怪异的地形

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倾盆大雨极具破坏力

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在柔软的沙土上

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凿出一条条裂缝和山峡

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将平顺的山势大大扭转

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树根可以帮助固定泥土

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但稀疏的黄土上甚少有植物

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当大暴雨持续下三十分钟

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就会将表层的泥土冲走

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在这一地区，每一平方公里的面积

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每年可流失四千吨泥土进黄河

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这个情况主要在夏季发生

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对农作物有严重影响

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这里的农夫是国内最有效率的

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这里大部份农民

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依然沿用古老的方法收割、打谷

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为了防止宝贵的泥土因风雨而流失

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农夫在陡峭的山边开垦梯田

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有的梯田在一百米之上

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这样可以防止具破坏力的暴风雨

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冲刷泥土，造成山崩

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农民在梯田种植玉蜀黍、小麦

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马铃薯和粟米

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唐代诗人杜甫在河南出生成长

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他用诗句描绘出当地人艰苦的生活

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痴女饥咬我，啼畏虎狼闻

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野果充糇粮，卑枝成屋椽

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探索队沿着黄河一路前进

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来到山西北部

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他们听说这里有条村落

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但是他们看不到房屋

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原来在他们脚下的泥地之中

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有一个对称的正方形坑洞

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这是地底窑洞的入口

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在这软软的泥土之中

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窑洞竟然有一个开扬的室外庭院

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由于雨量甚少

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在这里居住的人

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经常可以在户外活动

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探索队进去参观

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他们十分惊讶

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农民竟有如此高的建筑智慧

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他们沿着一条倾斜的走廊进入庭院

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庭院在五至六米深

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面积大约十平方米

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这个村子住了四百户人家

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他们的关系十分密切

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所有村民，以及他们饲养的牲畜

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包括牛、猪和鸡都住在地底

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村民要小心照看较小的动物

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因为它们容易走失

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山西省雨量非常少

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村民要靠水井才有干净的水饮用

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这个地下水源

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是窑洞居民的生命之源

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如果没有水井

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村民要每天来回河边和家中

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用水桶担水十几次

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才有足够的水用

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窑洞冬暖夏凉

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就算屋外温度低于零度

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由于窑洞有足够的保暖层

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室温都可维持在二十度左右

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室内与室外的温度

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最多相差达三十多度

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对牲畜来讲，住在地底也有好处

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建造地底窑洞只需要挖一个洞

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再在稀疏的泥土上挖隧道

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这种窑洞大多位于山西南部和河南

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而在山边的窑洞

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在黄土高原地区比较常见

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探索队很想访问窑洞居民

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他们遇到住在陕西榆林的艾氏一家

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住在围绕着这个庭院的窑洞中的

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一共有十个人

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包括一家之主艾老先生

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他的太太、儿子和孙子

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由艾老先生祖先的时代开始

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这里的日常生活都没什么改变

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他们用的打谷工具

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早在七百年前的石刻上已有提及

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艾老先生今年七十四岁

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但是仍然健壮

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一直帮忙做日常家中

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00:14:57,643 --> 00:15:01,636
许多琐碎的事务

220
00:15:05,651 --> 00:15:07,987
女人忙着分开、洗净

221
00:15:07,987 --> 00:15:11,980
挑选和风干他们出产的农作物

222
00:15:23,436 --> 00:15:23,970
在秋季

223
00:15:23,970 --> 00:15:27,506
农夫忙于收割小麦和玉蜀黍

224
00:15:27,506 --> 00:15:29,442
这些是主要食粮

225
00:15:29,442 --> 00:15:33,435
收割后再把小麦磨成面粉

226
00:15:36,449 --> 00:15:39,585
磨面粉同样是用古老的方法

227
00:15:39,585 --> 00:15:42,655
他们会用面粉来做面条和饺子

228
00:15:42,655 --> 00:15:46,648
这类淀粉质食物

229
00:15:50,396 --> 00:15:52,698
艾氏与这一区多数家庭一样

230
00:15:52,698 --> 00:15:54,600
都是自给自足

231
00:15:54,600 --> 00:15:57,003
小麦、蔬菜和牲畜

232
00:15:57,003 --> 00:16:00,996
都由自己种植饲养

233
00:16:01,774 --> 00:16:03,676
窑洞的墙壁刷了油漆

234
00:16:03,676 --> 00:16:06,746
室内清凉、干净，陈设简单

235
00:16:06,746 --> 00:16:08,948
令人联想起寺院

236
00:16:08,948 --> 00:16:11,250
村民一挖出庭院之后

237
00:16:11,250 --> 00:16:14,020
周围的房间就不难挖出

238
00:16:14,020 --> 00:16:17,256
窑洞地方很大，空气也十分流通

239
00:16:17,256 --> 00:16:19,725
房间有八米乘三米之大

240
00:16:19,725 --> 00:16:21,761
楼高大约三米

241
00:16:21,761 --> 00:16:23,729
艾氏家有两间房子

242
00:16:23,729 --> 00:16:27,533
每间房子都既是客厅，又是睡房

243
00:16:27,533 --> 00:16:31,526
另外还有厨房和储物室

244
00:16:35,574 --> 00:16:36,909
这缸是醋

245
00:16:36,909 --> 00:16:40,446
在这个厨房里已经摆放了三年

246
00:16:40,446 --> 00:16:42,782
它由玉蜀黍发酵而成

247
00:16:42,782 --> 00:16:46,775
是中国人不可缺少的调味料

248
00:16:55,561 --> 00:16:58,464
队员礼貌地拒绝尝味之后

249
00:16:58,464 --> 00:17:02,457
又闻到由另一个缸散发出来的味道

250
00:17:02,968 --> 00:17:04,870
酱油也是吃中国菜

251
00:17:04,870 --> 00:17:07,406
不可缺少的调味品

252
00:17:07,406 --> 00:17:09,575
这些缸是用本地黄土

253
00:17:09,575 --> 00:17:13,568
由当地的陶器店烧制上色而成

254
00:17:24,423 --> 00:17:27,693
主妇亲自做醋、酱油、米酒

255
00:17:27,693 --> 00:17:29,095
和酸菜酸瓜

256
00:17:29,095 --> 00:17:32,098
将它们存放在家里

257
00:17:32,098 --> 00:17:33,532
我们去超级市场

258
00:17:33,532 --> 00:17:35,568
买包装好的加工食品

259
00:17:35,568 --> 00:17:37,503
是一件很平常的事

260
00:17:37,503 --> 00:17:38,938
但是对这里的人来讲

261
00:17:38,938 --> 00:17:42,931
简直是天方夜谭

262
00:17:43,609 --> 00:17:47,613
这里的人沿用父母教授的方式生活

263
00:17:47,613 --> 00:17:51,606
技术、传统和菜谱都代代相传

264
00:17:55,921 --> 00:17:59,914
艾太太是厨房的当家人

265
00:18:02,128 --> 00:18:05,965
面条用小麦和乔麦粉混合而成

266
00:18:05,965 --> 00:18:07,733
中国各地许多人

267
00:18:07,733 --> 00:18:10,636
都用这种机器做面条

268
00:18:10,636 --> 00:18:12,872
面条是这里的主粮

269
00:18:12,872 --> 00:18:15,541
要评断一个女人是不是好太太

270
00:18:15,541 --> 00:18:19,534
就看她做面条、煮面条有多棒

271
00:18:20,045 --> 00:18:23,149
揉好的面团穿过这个有洞的机器

272
00:18:23,149 --> 00:18:26,051
就会做出一丝丝的面条

273
00:18:26,051 --> 00:18:29,155
把它们放进热汤或热水里

274
00:18:29,155 --> 00:18:31,690
面条就不会黏在一起

275
00:18:31,690 --> 00:18:35,683
可以立刻煮熟

276
00:18:38,764 --> 00:18:41,767
窑洞居民的生活方式非常古老

277
00:18:41,767 --> 00:18:43,102
他们一开火煮食

278
00:18:43,102 --> 00:18:46,639
热气就在房间地下扩散出去

279
00:18:46,639 --> 00:18:49,608
形成有效的中央暖气系统

280
00:18:49,608 --> 00:18:52,144
其他房间都会因为经过墙壁

281
00:18:52,144 --> 00:18:56,137
渗透的暖气而变暖

282
00:18:56,949 --> 00:19:00,942
在地面只会看到窑洞的烟囱和炊烟

283
00:19:00,986 --> 00:19:04,979
不过羊儿们早已习以为常

284
00:19:12,998 --> 00:19:14,834
经过一天辛劳的工作

285
00:19:14,834 --> 00:19:17,937
艾氏一家聚在一起吃晚饭

286
00:19:17,937 --> 00:19:19,672
一家人聚首一堂

287
00:19:19,672 --> 00:19:21,707
分享几碟味道各异

288
00:19:21,707 --> 00:19:23,676
各有特色的菜肴

289
00:19:23,676 --> 00:19:26,679
一家老小又可以趁机轻松一下

290
00:19:26,679 --> 00:19:30,672
讲讲村里的趣事

291
00:19:32,852 --> 00:19:34,987
艾老先生说他年轻的时候

292
00:19:34,987 --> 00:19:38,980
家穷得连好一点的食物都没有

293
00:19:45,464 --> 00:19:46,632
艾老先生的祖先

294
00:19:46,632 --> 00:19:50,002
三百年前已经在这里生活

295
00:19:50,002 --> 00:19:52,805
他们的日子绝不好过

296
00:19:52,805 --> 00:19:55,541
艾老先生记得以前的生活

297
00:19:55,541 --> 00:19:59,534
比现在艰苦多了

298
00:20:02,948 --> 00:20:05,718
他小时候想吃肉都很难

299
00:20:05,718 --> 00:20:08,487
只有新年会有一点点羊肉

300
00:20:08,487 --> 00:20:11,023
现在就有饮之不尽的高粱酒

301
00:20:11,023 --> 00:20:13,959
和食之不尽的玉蜀黍

302
00:20:13,959 --> 00:20:17,952
房屋又大又温暖

303
00:20:19,932 --> 00:20:22,167
如果窑洞不是在革命期间

304
00:20:22,167 --> 00:20:24,136
有过丰功伟绩

305
00:20:24,136 --> 00:20:27,973
相信会被视为古怪的居住环境

306
00:20:27,973 --> 00:20:28,908
革命期间

307
00:20:28,908 --> 00:20:31,810
毛泽东曾经在这里一个窑洞中

308
00:20:31,810 --> 00:20:35,681
生活过一段短暂的时间

309
00:20:35,681 --> 00:20:38,918
1937年1月，在长征结束之后

310
00:20:38,918 --> 00:20:40,586
毛泽东来到延安

311
00:20:40,586 --> 00:20:43,622
这个黄土高原的中心地带

312
00:20:43,622 --> 00:20:45,791
二万个完成长征的战士

313
00:20:45,791 --> 00:20:47,760
就在窑洞生活

314
00:20:47,760 --> 00:20:48,727
随后的十年

315
00:20:48,727 --> 00:20:52,720
延安成为共产党的总部

316
00:20:54,099 --> 00:20:57,703
毛泽东住过的窑洞现在是博物馆

317
00:20:57,703 --> 00:20:59,838
所有东西都保持原状

318
00:20:59,838 --> 00:21:03,108
毛泽东在这里记录下自己的想法

319
00:21:03,108 --> 00:21:05,811
带领国家迈向大跃进

320
00:21:05,811 --> 00:21:08,948
这些思想后来结集成为毛语录

321
00:21:08,948 --> 00:21:11,650
是共产党重要的文献

322
00:21:11,650 --> 00:21:13,319
很多人都专程来看看

323
00:21:13,319 --> 00:21:16,689
整个中国推崇备至的领袖

324
00:21:16,689 --> 00:21:20,682
有何过人之处

325
00:21:23,762 --> 00:21:25,631
这些小朋友很可能是

326
00:21:25,631 --> 00:21:28,567
当年长征革命军的子孙

327
00:21:28,567 --> 00:21:31,604
他们并不知道前人经受了多少苦难

328
00:21:31,604 --> 00:21:35,597
才能解放国家，建立新的系统

329
00:21:35,674 --> 00:21:38,010
相信由北京展开的改革

330
00:21:38,010 --> 00:21:42,003
要经历很长时间才能辗转传到这里

331
00:21:48,654 --> 00:21:49,989
毛泽东来到延安

332
00:21:49,989 --> 00:21:53,982
其中一样最挂念的就是鱼

333
00:21:57,696 --> 00:22:00,633
他开发陕西省的养鱼业

334
00:22:00,633 --> 00:22:02,701
令养鱼业成为这个地区

335
00:22:02,701 --> 00:22:04,637
最重要的工业之一

336
00:22:04,637 --> 00:22:07,840
细小的湖泊和人工湖都养满了鱼

337
00:22:07,840 --> 00:22:10,709
大部分是不同品种的鲤鱼

338
00:22:10,709 --> 00:22:13,145
渔民拖着载满鱼的网上岸

339
00:22:13,145 --> 00:22:15,714
有几条鱼成功逃脱

340
00:22:15,714 --> 00:22:17,149
不过到下一次打鱼

341
00:22:17,149 --> 00:22:21,142
它们又会再度落网

342
00:22:26,425 --> 00:22:28,894
鱼提供丰富蛋白质

343
00:22:28,894 --> 00:22:32,887
又为单调的菜式提供一些变化

344
00:22:44,343 --> 00:22:46,645
黄土高原被狂风暴雨

345
00:22:46,645 --> 00:22:50,638
冲进黄河的沙土仿佛还不够多

346
00:22:50,716 --> 00:22:53,118
黄河其中一条支流无定河

347
00:22:53,118 --> 00:22:55,988
就在这里，带着它本身的淤泥

348
00:22:55,988 --> 00:22:59,925
与黄河汇合

349
00:22:59,925 --> 00:23:02,928
无定河穿越一个干旱荒凉

350
00:23:02,928 --> 00:23:05,664
大部分是沙漠的地区

351
00:23:05,664 --> 00:23:06,965
面对无情的沙暴

352
00:23:06,965 --> 00:23:09,468
当地人和北方入侵者

353
00:23:09,468 --> 00:23:12,771
经常在无定盆地开战

354
00:23:12,771 --> 00:23:14,740
外敌多数会在冬季

355
00:23:14,740 --> 00:23:17,376
河水结冰时入侵

356
00:23:17,376 --> 00:23:21,369
这样可以大举攻入更深入的地方

357
00:23:27,019 --> 00:23:30,189
冬季气候寒冷，在农闲时间

358
00:23:30,189 --> 00:23:32,925
农民都集中精神建造房屋

359
00:23:32,925 --> 00:23:34,393
与许多国家一样

360
00:23:34,393 --> 00:23:37,496
中国竭力保留宝贵的农地

361
00:23:37,496 --> 00:23:40,466
农民要向村公所申请建屋证

362
00:23:40,466 --> 00:23:42,034
才能开工

363
00:23:42,034 --> 00:23:43,368
他们分工合作

364
00:23:43,368 --> 00:23:47,361
现在建的可能是屋顶，或是屋檐

365
00:23:49,441 --> 00:23:50,943
他们首先挖掘两个

366
00:23:50,943 --> 00:23:53,712
大约一米宽的垂直坑道

367
00:23:53,712 --> 00:23:56,782
然后把碎石和砖块扔进去

368
00:23:56,782 --> 00:24:00,775
令坑道变成坚固、可以负重的墙壁

369
00:24:01,920 --> 00:24:05,913
接着就把两个坑道中间的泥挖走

370
00:24:06,325 --> 00:24:08,827
造成房间

371
00:24:08,827 --> 00:24:10,395
这里唯一的专业人士

372
00:24:10,395 --> 00:24:14,388
是负责打出作支架用的石块的石匠

373
00:24:14,767 --> 00:24:17,736
其余工序都由村民帮忙

374
00:24:17,736 --> 00:24:20,405
石块是宝贵的建筑材料

375
00:24:20,405 --> 00:24:22,040
这种坚硬的花岗石

376
00:24:22,040 --> 00:24:26,033
开采自附近的山区

377
00:24:30,883 --> 00:24:33,752
建窑洞大概需时一个月

378
00:24:33,752 --> 00:24:37,745
做支架、挖空房间各两星期

379
00:24:40,159 --> 00:24:41,894
石与石之间的隙缝

380
00:24:41,894 --> 00:24:45,887
用黄土与水混合而成的泥浆填补

381
00:24:46,098 --> 00:24:49,001
黄土好像天然的水泥

382
00:24:49,001 --> 00:24:50,936
干了之后十分坚硬

383
00:24:50,936 --> 00:24:54,573
窑洞非常适合黄土地区的自然环境

384
00:24:54,573 --> 00:24:58,566
而且又有冬暖夏凉的特质

385
00:25:03,015 --> 00:25:05,083
窑洞吸引了世界各地的

386
00:25:05,083 --> 00:25:06,919
保护能源专家

387
00:25:06,919 --> 00:25:09,822
建筑师和工程师的注意

388
00:25:09,822 --> 00:25:13,058
他们前来研究这些独特的建筑

389
00:25:13,058 --> 00:25:17,051
将来可能在柏斯或悉尼都会有窑洞

390
00:25:18,897 --> 00:25:20,933
这个窑洞已经完工

391
00:25:20,933 --> 00:25:23,836
安放了屋顶最后一块石头之后

392
00:25:23,836 --> 00:25:25,938
工人就放入一支笔

393
00:25:25,938 --> 00:25:28,040
一个砚和一支毛笔

394
00:25:28,040 --> 00:25:30,809
祝愿屋主聪明有智慧

395
00:25:30,809 --> 00:25:33,412
有知识，又有好收成

396
00:25:33,412 --> 00:25:36,515
再放入一个鸡心或者兔子心

397
00:25:36,515 --> 00:25:38,951
祝福这家人身体健康

398
00:25:38,951 --> 00:25:40,953
这些祭物会被封好

399
00:25:40,953 --> 00:25:44,946
埋在屋顶上面的泥土中

400
00:25:51,897 --> 00:25:55,601
接着再将一张写着合龙大吉的挥春

401
00:25:55,601 --> 00:25:59,594
贴在屋顶，祈求好运

402
00:26:03,575 --> 00:26:07,012
屋主将窑洞竣工的日期写在纸上

403
00:26:07,012 --> 00:26:08,513
然后烧掉

404
00:26:08,513 --> 00:26:11,316
轻烟把他的希望带上天宫

405
00:26:11,316 --> 00:26:15,309
让祖先知道

406
00:26:15,554 --> 00:26:19,547
仪式过后，屋主就可以入住了

407
00:26:22,594 --> 00:26:26,098
村中的乐队带大家参观这座新房屋

408
00:26:26,098 --> 00:26:28,000
屋主感到很骄傲

409
00:26:28,000 --> 00:26:29,935
他带着大家到处参观

410
00:26:29,935 --> 00:26:31,536
由于村里每个家庭

411
00:26:31,536 --> 00:26:33,872
都帮忙建造这座房屋

412
00:26:33,872 --> 00:26:35,040
现在房屋落成

413
00:26:35,040 --> 00:26:39,033
其实全村人都有功劳

414
00:26:43,015 --> 00:26:45,150
庆祝活动不止如此

415
00:26:45,150 --> 00:26:47,486
屋主还预备了一些小礼物

416
00:26:47,486 --> 00:26:51,479
有糖果、烟、米、糕饼和硬币等

417
00:26:51,623 --> 00:26:55,616
从屋顶抛给村民

418
00:26:59,998 --> 00:27:02,668
这些礼物被视为会带来好运

419
00:27:02,668 --> 00:27:04,636
大家都争相抢夺

420
00:27:04,636 --> 00:27:08,629
背后则伴随着震耳欲聋的鞭炮声

421
00:27:26,925 --> 00:27:30,729
探索队再次上路，沿着黄河前进

422
00:27:30,729 --> 00:27:32,030
他们在旅途上

423
00:27:32,030 --> 00:27:35,968
遇到各式各样靠黄河生活的人

424
00:27:35,968 --> 00:27:39,404
其中当然包括黄土高原的居民

425
00:27:39,404 --> 00:27:42,541
他们面对逆境那种悠然自得的态度

426
00:27:42,541 --> 00:27:46,111
深深打动探索队

427
00:27:46,111 --> 00:27:46,745
在二月初

428
00:27:46,745 --> 00:27:50,048
气温下跌到摄氏零下二十度

429
00:27:50,048 --> 00:27:52,718
山上吹来一阵阵冷风

430
00:27:52,718 --> 00:27:56,711
探索队庆幸这一程路可以坐吉普车

431
00:28:14,706 --> 00:28:15,774
他们走了好久

432
00:28:15,774 --> 00:28:18,543
两旁景色都没有大的变化

433
00:28:18,543 --> 00:28:21,413
依旧是多石而荒凉的山区

434
00:28:21,413 --> 00:28:25,406
以一片片雪点缀，渺无人烟

435
00:28:30,989 --> 00:28:32,657
冷风带来灰尘和雪

436
00:28:32,657 --> 00:28:35,093
从来不会带来雨水

437
00:28:35,093 --> 00:28:36,628
黄土高原的秘密

438
00:28:36,628 --> 00:28:40,065
在于源源不绝的地下水

439
00:28:40,065 --> 00:28:40,999
没有地下水

440
00:28:40,999 --> 00:28:44,636
窑洞的居民不可能在此生活

441
00:28:44,636 --> 00:28:46,772
在冬季，当泥土变干

442
00:28:46,772 --> 00:28:49,641
地下水就渗上地面

443
00:28:49,641 --> 00:28:52,811
凝结成又大又长的垂冰

444
00:28:52,811 --> 00:28:54,813
有的超过十米长

445
00:28:54,813 --> 00:28:58,806
使这里有如奇幻世界

446
00:29:01,753 --> 00:29:03,388
这个色彩缤纷的队伍

447
00:29:03,388 --> 00:29:05,690
其实是送葬行列

448
00:29:05,690 --> 00:29:08,593
西方社会的葬礼庄严肃穆

449
00:29:08,593 --> 00:29:12,586
与现在所见的截然不同

450
00:29:15,767 --> 00:29:17,702
假如死者是自然死亡

451
00:29:17,702 --> 00:29:19,504
而不是英年早逝

452
00:29:19,504 --> 00:29:22,040
就会有一匹红马送行

453
00:29:22,040 --> 00:29:24,409
小朋友举起七彩缤纷的纸人

454
00:29:24,409 --> 00:29:27,212
陪伴死者早登极乐

455
00:29:27,212 --> 00:29:29,848
除此之外，同行的人也会举起

456
00:29:29,848 --> 00:29:33,841
一些写着传统悼念字句的挽额

457
00:29:39,157 --> 00:29:41,359
用薄木造的棺材上

458
00:29:41,359 --> 00:29:43,829
摆放了一大串纸花圈

459
00:29:43,829 --> 00:29:46,798
这里的居民大多选择土葬

460
00:29:46,798 --> 00:29:48,633
表示他们希望死后

461
00:29:48,633 --> 00:29:52,626
能够回归松软的黄土

462
00:29:58,143 --> 00:30:01,446
窑洞外的温度可能低于零度

463
00:30:01,446 --> 00:30:03,215
山顶盖满白雪

464
00:30:03,215 --> 00:30:07,152
但是在窑洞村，家家户户都生火

465
00:30:07,152 --> 00:30:11,145
屋内温暖舒适

466
00:30:13,859 --> 00:30:17,429
在冬季，这里的生活节奏放慢下来

467
00:30:17,429 --> 00:30:21,422
村民靠夏季储存的物资过日子

468
00:30:25,737 --> 00:30:28,874
冬季最大的问题是怎样取水

469
00:30:28,874 --> 00:30:30,509
对某些村民来讲

470
00:30:30,509 --> 00:30:34,502
黄河是唯一的水源

471
00:30:39,518 --> 00:30:41,887
没有水井的窑洞居民要取水

472
00:30:41,887 --> 00:30:45,880
每天要来往结了冰的黄河许多次

473
00:30:59,504 --> 00:31:01,540
要装满储水的大水缸

474
00:31:01,540 --> 00:31:03,808
至少要装二十桶水

475
00:31:03,808 --> 00:31:07,801
换句话说，要上下这座山许多次

476
00:31:10,515 --> 00:31:12,551
只要把明矾加入水中

477
00:31:12,551 --> 00:31:15,720
水中的杂质就会沉淀

478
00:31:15,720 --> 00:31:18,390
表层的水就可以饮用了

479
00:31:18,390 --> 00:31:19,958
窑洞居民也有方法

480
00:31:19,958 --> 00:31:23,929
尽量令恶劣的环境变得对他们有利

481
00:31:23,929 --> 00:31:26,598
这个室外冰箱把猪肉和羊肉

482
00:31:26,598 --> 00:31:30,591
冰冻在一个合适的温度

483
00:31:31,870 --> 00:31:35,574
窑洞居民在夏季时会努力储粮

484
00:31:35,574 --> 00:31:37,809
留着冬季时食用

485
00:31:37,809 --> 00:31:41,802
储粮的地方有些令人意想不到

486
00:31:44,916 --> 00:31:47,619
在石头中凿出的洞穴

487
00:31:47,619 --> 00:31:51,612
最适合摆放蔬菜

488
00:31:52,824 --> 00:31:56,194
黑暗的储物室内有一棵棵白菜

489
00:31:56,194 --> 00:31:57,762
排列整齐

490
00:31:57,762 --> 00:31:59,531
它们不会结霜

491
00:31:59,531 --> 00:32:03,524
地下泥土的湿气令它们不会变干

492
00:32:07,606 --> 00:32:09,808
这个储藏方法使窑洞居民

493
00:32:09,808 --> 00:32:13,801
能够吃上新鲜蔬菜

494
00:32:16,915 --> 00:32:17,983
他们饮食健康

495
00:32:17,983 --> 00:32:20,952
这位老婆婆至少有六十岁

496
00:32:20,952 --> 00:32:23,421
但是身体仍然很柔软

497
00:32:23,421 --> 00:32:24,923
每星期可以钻进

498
00:32:24,923 --> 00:32:28,916
这个窄小的洞中三四次

499
00:32:35,700 --> 00:32:39,604
窑洞村落在冬季的气氛颇为荒凉

500
00:32:39,604 --> 00:32:42,540
村民都期望农历新年早日来临

501
00:32:42,540 --> 00:32:46,533
让大家尽情庆祝一下

502
00:32:47,445 --> 00:32:48,913
在新年前多个星期

503
00:32:48,913 --> 00:32:51,916
妇女已经开始准备庆祝活动

504
00:32:51,916 --> 00:32:55,453
正如西方人会在圣诞节布置家居

505
00:32:55,453 --> 00:32:59,446
村民将写有吉祥语的挥春贴在屋中

506
00:33:14,773 --> 00:33:18,766
一家大小一起帮忙布置屋子

507
00:33:20,679 --> 00:33:22,013
传统的剪纸工艺

508
00:33:22,013 --> 00:33:26,006
是重要的新年装饰品

509
00:33:28,620 --> 00:33:31,790
这种传统手艺由妈妈传给女儿

510
00:33:31,790 --> 00:33:33,625
是另一个评断女孩子

511
00:33:33,625 --> 00:33:35,827
是否适合出嫁的指标

512
00:33:35,827 --> 00:33:37,662
新年贴出的剪纸

513
00:33:37,662 --> 00:33:40,799
十居其九都是十二生肖的动物

514
00:33:40,799 --> 00:33:43,468
窑洞居民不止粉饰屋子

515
00:33:43,468 --> 00:33:45,804
他们会在固定的物体上

516
00:33:45,804 --> 00:33:47,806
例如大树上贴挥春

517
00:33:47,806 --> 00:33:49,474
如果他们能捉住猫

518
00:33:49,474 --> 00:33:53,467
我想它也不能幸免

519
00:33:55,914 --> 00:33:58,583
就连日常用具，例如石磨

520
00:33:58,583 --> 00:34:02,576
都要粉饰一番

521
00:34:07,392 --> 00:34:11,385
这时无定河已经结了厚厚一层冰

522
00:34:11,696 --> 00:34:14,499
足以承托成年男子的体重

523
00:34:14,499 --> 00:34:16,668
村民可以在河面行走

524
00:34:16,668 --> 00:34:20,472
而小朋友可以踩着自制的溜冰鞋

525
00:34:20,472 --> 00:34:24,465
玩个痛快

526
00:34:27,479 --> 00:34:28,880
这几个男人天一亮

527
00:34:28,880 --> 00:34:32,873
就到村落附近的山头打猎

528
00:34:33,852 --> 00:34:35,053
他们回家时

529
00:34:35,053 --> 00:34:39,046
野兔和雉鸡都已经冻硬了

530
00:34:44,562 --> 00:34:45,563
他们会把猎物

531
00:34:45,563 --> 00:34:48,533
运到十公里以外的市集上摆卖

532
00:34:48,533 --> 00:34:52,526
让人买回去做团年饭的菜肴

533
00:34:59,677 --> 00:35:01,413
在新年前几个星期

534
00:35:01,413 --> 00:35:03,648
当地人都赶着办年货

535
00:35:03,648 --> 00:35:07,641
市场十分热闹，商人的生意十分好

536
00:35:09,421 --> 00:35:10,021
解放之后

537
00:35:10,021 --> 00:35:13,024
农村许多人都到城市找工作

538
00:35:13,024 --> 00:35:16,027
农历新年，工厂会休息一星期

539
00:35:16,027 --> 00:35:19,864
工人就可以回乡一家团聚

540
00:35:19,864 --> 00:35:21,866
学校放一个月春假

541
00:35:21,866 --> 00:35:25,859
连勤劳的农民也会休息十天

542
00:35:27,672 --> 00:35:31,665
市场里什么货品都能买到

543
00:35:37,515 --> 00:35:41,508
有些人纯粹来凑热闹

544
00:35:42,220 --> 00:35:45,557
大家都十分开心

545
00:35:45,557 --> 00:35:47,725
在肉档，你可以摸一摸肉

546
00:35:47,725 --> 00:35:49,427
再决定买不买

547
00:35:49,427 --> 00:35:53,431
新年包饺子不用猪肉就用羊肉

548
00:35:53,431 --> 00:35:54,866
猪肉割价倾销

549
00:35:54,866 --> 00:35:58,859
两块钱一公斤，真是合算

550
00:36:03,741 --> 00:36:07,734
每个窑洞都要挂上一幅年画

551
00:36:10,248 --> 00:36:13,551
年画要在每年的年底更换

552
00:36:13,551 --> 00:36:17,455
画中主角可以是吉祥的飞鸟或走兽

553
00:36:17,455 --> 00:36:19,724
例如仙鹤或者龟

554
00:36:19,724 --> 00:36:23,717
又或者是十分可爱的儿童

555
00:36:32,737 --> 00:36:36,730
新年的庆祝节目既迷信又五彩缤纷

556
00:36:36,908 --> 00:36:40,901
中国人喜欢的元素全部都有

557
00:36:42,747 --> 00:36:45,483
自从中国采取开放政策以来

558
00:36:45,483 --> 00:36:47,919
市民可以自由选购货品

559
00:36:47,919 --> 00:36:51,912
而他们也花得起钱买心头好

560
00:36:53,291 --> 00:36:57,284
疯狂购物的情况持续到年三十晚

561
00:37:04,068 --> 00:37:08,039
年三十晚家家户户都等待子时来临

562
00:37:08,039 --> 00:37:09,073
一踏入子时

563
00:37:09,073 --> 00:37:11,843
各地的人都会放烟花庆祝

564
00:37:11,843 --> 00:37:15,836
燃亮黑暗的天空

565
00:37:32,530 --> 00:37:33,831
当天空亮起烟花

566
00:37:33,831 --> 00:37:35,633
每个人都在想

567
00:37:35,633 --> 00:37:38,636
未来一年有什么愿望和理想

568
00:37:38,636 --> 00:37:42,629
他们都希望今年能够梦想成真

569
00:37:51,816 --> 00:37:54,752
放完烟花，全村人都走上街

570
00:37:54,752 --> 00:37:58,022
互相祝贺新年快乐

571
00:37:58,022 --> 00:38:00,692
大家先向祖父母拜年

572
00:38:00,692 --> 00:38:04,685
然后再与其他村民互相祝贺

573
00:38:06,598 --> 00:38:10,368
中国人非常尊重年长和长寿的人

574
00:38:10,368 --> 00:38:13,605
整个家族即使不住在同一座房屋

575
00:38:13,605 --> 00:38:17,598
也会住在同一条村落

576
00:38:24,148 --> 00:38:25,717
随着时代进步

577
00:38:25,717 --> 00:38:28,353
中国也逐渐步向现代化

578
00:38:28,353 --> 00:38:29,887
但是一些古老的传统

579
00:38:29,887 --> 00:38:33,880
在这些地区至今仍然随处可见

580
00:38:39,030 --> 00:38:41,299
黄河中游地带的居民

581
00:38:41,299 --> 00:38:43,368
仍然住在窑洞

582
00:38:43,368 --> 00:38:47,361
外界的变化似乎对他们影响不大