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00:00:16,968 --> 00:00:18,045
非洲
Africa.
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被称为人类的发源地
It's been called the birthplace of humanity,
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我们祖先迈出第一步的地方
the land where our ancestors took their first steps.
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直到最近才被发现有大量的的热带文明
Yet only recently revealed as the home of a vast tropical civilization.
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城市和王国曾经遍布整个大陆
Cities and kingdoms once spread across the continent,
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00:00:38,142 --> 00:00:42,058
然后消失了，几乎没有留下任何痕迹
then vanished, leaving barely a trace.
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这个伟大的成就怎么了？
What happened to this great achievement?
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00:00:48,075 --> 00:00:53,009
贾里德·戴蒙德教授着手探索人类历史的伟大模式。
Professor Jared Diamond has set out to
explore the great patterns of human history.
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00:00:55,072 --> 00:00:58,075
旅程从新几内亚的丛林
It's a journey that has taken him from the jungles of New Guinea
10
00:00:58,176 --> 00:01:01,078
到秘鲁白雪皑皑的山峰
to the snow-capped peaks of Peru.
11
00:01:03,228 --> 00:01:06,468
他去探究，理解为什么一种人，
His quest, to understand why one people,
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00:01:06,469 --> 00:01:07,989
欧洲人
Europeans,
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00:01:07,990 --> 00:01:10,509
征服了世界那么多的地方。
have conquered so much of the world.
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戴蒙德认为，欧洲胜利的根源可以追溯到几千年前
Diamond argues that the roots of European
triumph stretch back thousands of years,
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00:01:17,328 --> 00:01:19,871
源于天赐的地理力量
and rest in the power of geography.
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地理赋予欧洲人生产力最高的农作物和动物
Geography gave Europeans the most
productive crops and animals on the planet,
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这些使他们能够发展出枪支、病菌和钢铁
and these allowed them to develop guns, germs and steel
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三种巨大的征服力量，它们塑造了人类历史。
three great forces of conquest that have shaped human history.
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现在，戴蒙德开始了他探索的最后一个阶段，
Now, Diamond is setting out on the last stage of his quest
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00:01:42,828 --> 00:01:45,668
即去发现当枪支、病菌和钢铁
to discover what happened when guns,
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00:01:46,031 --> 00:01:48,779
来到非洲后的故事。
germs and steel came to Africa.
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并探寻这些力量仍在发挥什么作用
And to ask what role these forces still play.
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但戴蒙德的旅程不止于验证理论。
But Diamond's journey will test much more than theories.
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这也将验证他自己。
It will also test the man himself.
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第三部：进入热带
Titles: Episode 3: Into The Tropics
26
00:02:47,479 --> 00:02:51,730
南非19D级铁路蒸汽机车
A Class 19D South African Railways steam locomotive.
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00:02:52,076 --> 00:02:55,126
1932年建于苏格兰格拉斯哥，
Built Glasgow, Scotland, 1932.
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它是技术和人类成就的见证
It is a testament to technology and human achievement.
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是用来在大陆上开辟道路的工具。
A tool built to carve a path across a continent.
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00:03:08,231 --> 00:03:13,729
欧洲枪炮、细菌和钢铁胜利的永恒象征。
A lasting symbol of the triumph
of European guns, germs and steel.
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这台引擎和它的铁轨
This engine and its tracks of steel
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00:03:25,579 --> 00:03:29,579
将载着贾里德·戴蒙德经历非洲的故事。
will carry Jared Diamond through the story of Africa.
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这是根植于野心和贪婪的故事，
It is a tale with its roots in ambition and greed,
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欧洲人离开本土，寻求征服全球。
peoples of Europe reaching out beyond their
native lands in a quest for global conquest.
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00:03:46,324 --> 00:03:50,649
随着欧洲人在世界各地的扩张，他们征服了其他人，
As Europeans expanded around the
world, they conquered other people,
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00:03:50,650 --> 00:03:52,574
他们修建了铁路
they built railroads,
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00:03:53,230 --> 00:03:56,419
他们发展以欧洲为榜样的富裕社会
they developed rich societies modeled on Europe,
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00:03:56,964 --> 00:04:00,375
他们在北美和南美成功地做到了
they had done this successfully in North America and South America,
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00:04:00,636 --> 00:04:03,375
在澳大利亚也成功了，然后他们到了非洲，
in Australia, and then they arrived in Africa,
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00:04:03,667 --> 00:04:06,012
看起来同样事又开始了。
and it looked as if the same
thing were starting all over again.
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00:04:10,573 --> 00:04:11,981
但非洲会有所不同。
But Africa would be different.
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一个充满危险和秘密的地方，不为外国侵略者所知。
A place of dangers and secrets,
hidden from these foreign invaders.
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首批欧洲移民于17世纪中叶抵达南部非洲。
The first European settlers arrived
in Southern Africa in the mid 1600s.
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他们在大陆最南端的好望角登陆。
They landed here, in the Cape of Good Hope,
at the southernmost tip of the continent.
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他们很快就在这片新土地上建立了家园，开垦农场，
They quickly established themselves
in this new land, laying out farms,
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00:04:39,200 --> 00:04:43,030
种植小麦和大麦，饲养牛羊。
planting wheat and barley, ranching cattle and sheep.
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00:04:47,630 --> 00:04:51,417
这看起来可能很奇怪，但正是从这样的普通农业中，
This may sound strange but it's from ordinary agriculture
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00:04:51,637 --> 00:04:54,730
我的枪炮、病菌和钢铁理论应运而生。
like this that my theory of guns, germs and steel arose.
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00:04:59,280 --> 00:05:03,079
我的探索始于30多年前，在巴布亚新几内亚的一次旅行中，
My quest began more than 30 years ago, on a trip to Papua New Guinea,
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00:05:05,030 --> 00:05:07,232
当我开始试着了解为什么那里的人
when I began to try to understand why the people
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00:05:07,472 --> 00:05:11,080
和欧美人生活得如此不同
there lived so differently from Europeans and Americans.
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00:05:14,657 --> 00:05:17,732
我意识到，答案的根源取决于农业
The beginnings of the answer, I realized, depended on farming.
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00:05:18,728 --> 00:05:21,919
新几内亚人只有少数本地作物可以种植
New Guineans had only a few native crops that they could grow,
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00:05:22,247 --> 00:05:28,169
没有本地的家畜，而我的祖先，甚至一万年前，
and no native farm animals, while my ancestors, even 10,000 years ago,
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00:05:28,481 --> 00:05:32,013
拥有大量的驯化的动植物
had been blessed with an abundance of domestic plants and animals.
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00:05:34,130 --> 00:05:39,979
几个世纪以来，给了他们巨大的优势，发展出城市、国家
Over the centuries this had given them a huge advantage that let them develop cities,
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00:05:40,316 --> 00:05:44,377
甚至海外殖民地。
nations and even colonies abroad.
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00:05:53,081 --> 00:05:56,376
但南部非洲距离欧洲5000英里。
But Southern Africa is 5,000 miles from Europe.
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00:05:57,574 --> 00:06:01,769
移民怎么可能把欧洲的农作物和动物
How was it possible for the settlers to import European crops and animals
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00:06:01,980 --> 00:06:03,920
输入到如此遥远的地方？
to such a distant part of the world?
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00:06:06,357 --> 00:06:09,108
和技巧一样，归根结底还是靠运气
As much as skill, it came down to good fortune.
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00:06:10,035 --> 00:06:13,566
地理条件给了定居者极大的幸运。
Geography had dealt the settlers an immensely lucky hand.
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00:06:14,628 --> 00:06:18,117
他们偶然发现了南半球为数不多的几个地方
They had stumbled across one of the few parts of the southern hemisphere
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00:06:18,118 --> 00:06:20,606
感觉就像欧洲。
that feels just like Europe.
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00:06:21,596 --> 00:06:27,013
因为开普省和欧洲的纬度相似，或者说离赤道的距离几乎一样，
Because the Cape and Europe lie at a similar latitude, or distance from the equator,
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00:06:28,309 --> 00:06:30,857
这意味着温度和气候，
and this means that the temperature and climate
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00:06:30,858 --> 00:06:35,264
欧洲与这些相隔甚远的地区几乎完全相同。
of these widely separated regions are almost exactly the same.
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00:06:38,951 --> 00:06:43,314
欧洲人能够建立繁荣的农场和定居点，
The Europeans were able to establish prosperous farms and settlements,
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00:06:44,512 --> 00:06:46,669
现在这些财产属于他们的后代
properties now owned by their descendants
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比如汉佩斯·杜·托伊特
people like Hempies Du Toit.
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00:06:51,107 --> 00:06:55,068
你的家人已经在这片土地上生活了几个世纪了。
So your family has been here for centuries on this land.
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那你自己对这片土地感觉如何？
How do you feel about the land yourself then?
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我从小就喜欢这片土地，
Well I've always loved the land since childhood days and it comes,
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农业在我们家已经有很多代了。
agriculture's been in our family for so many generations.
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请告诉我这个农场的历史。
Tell me about the history of this farm.
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00:07:08,533 --> 00:07:11,011
嗯，这块地是1683年开发的，
Well the, the land was occupied in 1683,
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00:07:11,640 --> 00:07:15,855
我是说，那是在首批定居者来到开普省后的几年。
I mean that was only a couple of years after the first settlers came to the Cape.
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00:07:17,452 --> 00:07:21,216
但是像杜·托伊特这样的定居者知道，这里不是荒地
But settlers like the Du Toit knew that this was not an empty land.
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00:07:22,253 --> 00:07:26,762
即使在今天，农场也能找到开普省原住民的证据，
Even today their farms turn up evidence of the Cape's original inhabitants,
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一个叫科桑的民族。
a people known as the Koysan.
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00:07:30,468 --> 00:07:33,720
哦，很有趣。看这个，这是石器时代的。
Oh this is interesting. This is a, this is from the Stone Age.
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00:07:35,512 --> 00:07:40,108
这块土地在1683年移民占领之前，
Prior to the occupation of this land in 1683 by the settlers,
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00:07:40,641 --> 00:07:45,419
很可能是属于柯桑人的。
this land was most probably occupied by Koysan people.
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00:07:46,377 --> 00:07:52,264
这是他们用过的工具，鞣皮时用来刮皮。
These were the tools they used to, to scrape the skins when they tanned the skins.
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00:07:52,770 --> 00:07:53,483
很漂亮
Beautiful.
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00:07:53,765 --> 00:07:56,564
你可以看到很容易上手，很合手。
And you can see how easily, how nicely it fits into your hand.
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00:07:56,751 --> 00:07:57,475
是呀
Yeah.
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00:07:59,265 --> 00:08:03,873
随着欧洲人的到来，这些原住民被赶出了他们的土地。
With the arrival of Europeans, these native peoples were driven from their land.
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00:08:08,969 --> 00:08:14,471
但他们也面临着一种无形的、甚至更具破坏性的征服媒介。
But they also faced an invisible and even more devastating agent of conquest.
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00:08:16,857 --> 00:08:21,288
戴蒙德确认是人类史上最重大的一种力量：
A force Diamond has identified as one of the greatest in human history:
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00:08:21,689 --> 00:08:22,919
病菌
Germs.
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00:08:25,610 --> 00:08:27,733
认识到耕种的重要性
Realizing the importance of farming
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00:08:27,734 --> 00:08:31,857
引导我对枪支、细菌和钢铁的惊天大发现。
led me to the next big surprising discovery of guns, germs and steel.
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驯养的动物带给欧洲人
Domesticated animals had given Europeans
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00:08:36,467 --> 00:08:39,422
完全意识不到的一个优势。
one advantage of which they were completely unaware.
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00:08:41,971 --> 00:08:44,475
因为生活在离家畜很近的地方，
By living in close proximity to their livestock,
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00:08:44,982 --> 00:08:48,812
他们已感染了这些动物的病毒和细菌，
they had become infected with viruses and germs of those animals,
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00:08:49,219 --> 00:08:51,065
它们演变成人类的疾病
which evolved into diseases of humans.
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00:08:53,768 --> 00:08:55,144
经过几个世纪的接触，
Through exposure over centuries,
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00:08:55,145 --> 00:08:58,921
欧洲人对这些疾病产生了一定的抵抗力
Europeans had developed some resistance to those diseases.
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00:09:00,529 --> 00:09:03,727
但随着欧洲人遍布世界，
But as Europeans spread around the world,
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00:09:04,087 --> 00:09:06,732
他们遇到了那些没有同样抵抗力的人，
they encountered peoples who didn't have that same resistance,
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00:09:08,571 --> 00:09:12,401
那些人成为毁灭性传染病爆发的受害者，
and who then fell victim to devastating outbreaks of infection,
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00:09:13,302 --> 00:09:15,431
尤其是天花
especially of smallpox.
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00:09:17,555 --> 00:09:21,681
在美洲，数百万原住民人死于这种疾病
In the Americas, millions of native people died from this one disease,
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00:09:24,784 --> 00:09:28,884
在开普省，它对科桑人造成了同样的破坏
and here in the Cape it wrought the same havoc on the Koysan peoples.
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00:09:35,183 --> 00:09:37,774
通过他们的耕种和病菌，
Through their farming and their germs,
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00:09:38,401 --> 00:09:42,936
欧洲人在非洲南端建立了稳固的立足点。
Europeans had established a firm foothold in the southern tip of Africa.
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00:09:45,435 --> 00:09:47,323
现在，他们想扩张。
Now, they looked to expand.
110
00:10:02,573 --> 00:10:08,134
19世纪30年代，一股开拓潮爆发
In the 1830s there was a burst of the pioneer spirit
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00:10:08,384 --> 00:10:10,481
类似于欧洲人在北美和澳大利亚
such as had been seen in the European expansion
112
00:10:10,482 --> 00:10:12,978
的扩张开拓。
across North America and Australia.
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00:10:13,636 --> 00:10:18,479
这一次是荷兰殖民者，他们深入内地，
This time it was Dutch settlers, and these pioneers moved into the interior
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00:10:18,855 --> 00:10:22,281
就像当初拓荒者穿越北美和澳大利亚一样。
like the pioneers moving across North America and Australia.
115
00:10:25,321 --> 00:10:29,939
在19世纪30年代，成千上万的荷兰人
Over the course of the 1830s, thousands of Dutch farmers with their families
116
00:10:30,244 --> 00:10:35,274
带着他们的家庭和财产离开了开普省，寻找新的土地定居。
and possessions loaded into wagons left
the Cape in search of new land to settle.
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00:10:37,136 --> 00:10:39,387
他们称自己为沃特雷克人(即开拓者)，
They called themselves the voertrekkers,
118
00:10:40,309 --> 00:10:44,943
这些先驱都挥舞着欧洲征服的另一种工具：
and these pioneers all wielded another agent of European conquest:
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00:10:46,144 --> 00:10:47,777
枪支
the gun.
120
00:10:48,635 --> 00:10:53,229
这是一支典型的前膛步枪，
This is a muzzle-loading rifle, typical of the weapon
121
00:10:53,594 --> 00:10:55,436
每个沃特雷克人的大篷车上都会装备这武器。
that every Voertrekker would have had in his wagon.
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00:10:56,734 --> 00:10:59,228
布尔人(即荷裔南非人)特别擅长使用这种武器。
The Boers were particularly adept at using this weapon.
123
00:11:00,108 --> 00:11:03,384
他们可以在马背上装弹并射击。
They could reload it and fire from horseback.
124
00:11:07,291 --> 00:11:11,782
这些前膛步枪仍然深受沃特雷克后裔的喜爱。
These muzzle-loading rifles are still much
admired by the voertrekkers' descendants.
125
00:11:15,526 --> 00:11:19,222
每一个身体健康的人
Every single man that was in, in good health
126
00:11:19,223 --> 00:11:22,918
都至少有两三支这种步枪。
had at least two or three of these particular rifles.
127
00:11:23,762 --> 00:11:26,981
你知道，那个时候这性命攸关。
In those days it must have been the person's life, you know.
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00:11:31,089 --> 00:11:33,388
一切都依赖于它，你知道的
Everything depended on that, you know.
129
00:11:35,027 --> 00:11:37,919
他们用它打猎，用它保护自己。
They hunted with them, they protected themselves with them.
130
00:11:38,387 --> 00:11:41,041
属于自身的一部分，如果哪天你不拿枪，
It was part of him, you know, if you didn't handle a gun in that day
131
00:11:41,314 --> 00:11:42,885
你脑子就有问题，对吧。
there was something wrong with you. Yeah.
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00:11:47,485 --> 00:11:49,388
枪支和制造它们的钢铁
Guns and the steel from which they're made
133
00:11:49,950 --> 00:11:52,014
是欧洲人带着它们
were the last two of the great advantages
134
00:11:52,015 --> 00:11:54,479
横扫世界的最后两大法宝。
that Europeans carried with them around the globe.
135
00:12:01,983 --> 00:12:06,189
枪支是数千年复杂技术发展的结果，
Guns are the result of thousands of years
of complex technological developments,
136
00:12:06,823 --> 00:12:10,542
这些技术始于欧洲以外，但欧洲完善了这些技术。
which began outside Europe but which Europeans perfected.
137
00:12:13,388 --> 00:12:15,935
而这一切都是因为几千年前
And that was all because of the head start that their farming
138
00:12:16,199 --> 00:12:18,482
领先起步的农业
had given them thousands of years previously.
139
00:12:23,284 --> 00:12:25,231
你看，燧发步枪，它很重要
You know, the flintlock rifle, it was, you know,
140
00:12:25,481 --> 00:12:27,327
我真不该这么比喻，
I shouldn't really say this but it was nearly like as important
141
00:12:27,328 --> 00:12:28,573
但就像今天的手机一样
as a cellphone is today.
142
00:12:30,385 --> 00:12:31,432
你出门不能不带手机
You can't go without your cellphone;
143
00:12:31,433 --> 00:12:34,279
在那时，你外出不能没有燧发步枪。
in those days you couldn't go without your flintlock rifle.
144
00:12:44,292 --> 00:12:48,434
尽管欧洲定居者拥有武器，但还要有坚定的信心
Armed as they were, the European settlers must have been confident
145
00:12:48,435 --> 00:12:53,136
向非洲内陆推进时能克服任何障碍。
they could overcome any obstacle as they
pushed further into the African interior.
146
00:13:00,543 --> 00:13:03,013
到1838年2月17日，
By February 17th 1838,
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00:13:03,014 --> 00:13:07,283
沃特雷克人已经到达了距开普800英里的内陆。
the voertrekkers had reached 800 miles inland from the Cape.
148
00:13:14,730 --> 00:13:17,933
他们进入了一个陌生的未经探索的土地
But they were entering an alien and unexplored land.
149
00:13:51,325 --> 00:13:55,028
突然从黑暗中冲出一支非洲土着军队。
Suddenly out of the darkness swept a native African army.
150
00:13:56,887 --> 00:13:59,785
沃特雷克人没来得及开一枪，
Their victims barely had time to fire a single shot
151
00:13:59,786 --> 00:14:02,995
毫无准备，完全不知所措。
from their rifles before they were completely overwhelmed.
152
00:14:13,982 --> 00:14:17,777
几个小时内，将近300名沃特雷克人死亡。
Within hours, nearly 300 voertrekkers lay dead.
153
00:14:31,236 --> 00:14:33,387
他们的敌人进攻时毫不留情。
Their enemy had struck without mercy.
154
00:14:38,690 --> 00:14:41,544
杀掉男人，女人和孩子。
Killing men, women and children alike.
155
00:14:45,827 --> 00:14:49,232
谁会发动这样残忍和有计划的攻击，
Who could have committed such a
ruthless and calculated assault,
156
00:14:50,106 --> 00:14:52,484
来阻止欧洲人前进？
stopping the Europeans in their tracks?
157
00:15:00,125 --> 00:15:01,110
事实上，
In fact,
158
00:15:01,111 --> 00:15:06,096
沃特雷克人侵入了一个强大非洲王国的边界
the voertrekkers had trespassed across the border of a mighty African kingdom.
159
00:15:08,706 --> 00:15:12,362
居住着与开普的科桑人截然不同的人
Inhabited by people very different from the Koysan of the Cape.
160
00:15:16,110 --> 00:15:18,453
他们遇到了祖鲁人。
They had encountered the Zulus.
161
00:15:23,356 --> 00:15:26,695
他们遇到的祖鲁人，
When they ran into the Zulus, they ran into a group of people
162
00:15:27,281 --> 00:15:29,542
与他们之前遇到的并征服的人，
anybody else they'd been up to, who were very different to
163
00:15:29,543 --> 00:15:31,403
是完全不同的对抗方式。
up against up until that point in time.
164
00:15:31,992 --> 00:15:34,194
这是一群有组织的人。
This was an organized group of people.
165
00:15:37,197 --> 00:15:41,154
祖鲁人是一个独特、高度发达非洲国家的缔造者。
The Zulus were the authors of a unique and highly developed African state.
166
00:15:42,258 --> 00:15:46,353
他们的军事技能使他们对邻国具有压倒性优势
Their military skills had allowed them to overwhelm their native African neighbors.
167
00:15:47,539 --> 00:15:50,654
他们拥有超过3万多平方英里的国土，
They held more than 30,000 square miles of land,
168
00:15:52,104 --> 00:15:55,447
建立了一个复杂的经济和社会体系
and had established a sophisticated economy and society.
169
00:16:01,154 --> 00:16:03,541
祖鲁人保卫他们土地的凶猛
The ferocity of the Zulu defense of their land
170
00:16:03,947 --> 00:16:06,854
是沃特雷克人根本没预料到的。
was something the voertrekkers had simply not expected.
171
00:16:09,447 --> 00:16:11,290
超出了布尔人所能承受的
It was more than the Boers could handle.
172
00:16:11,563 --> 00:16:14,507
他们，他们对祖鲁人的攻击毫无准备
They, they, they were not prepared for the attack from the Zulus.
173
00:16:15,697 --> 00:16:20,946
他们面对的国王，可以动员一支10-15000人的军队
They were up against a king who could mobilize an army of 10-15,000 men
174
00:16:20,947 --> 00:16:22,195
迅速而毫无问题
without any problem at all.
175
00:16:23,792 --> 00:16:27,946
能击退任何人，他们绝对无所畏惧
It could take on almost anybody, they were absolutely fearless.
176
00:16:31,155 --> 00:16:33,695
沃特雷克人震惊万分。
The voertrekkers were stunned and devastated.
177
00:16:34,903 --> 00:16:38,725
具备枪支、病菌和钢铁力量的他们，
Had they, and the power of guns, germs and steel
178
00:16:38,726 --> 00:16:40,947
能在非洲战胜对手？
met their match in Africa?
179
00:16:45,355 --> 00:16:48,556
沃特雷克人对祖鲁人是谁，
The voertrekkers showed little interest in who the Zulus were,
180
00:16:49,102 --> 00:16:51,850
以及是如何发展成这样一个复杂的国家毫无兴趣。
or how they'd developed such a sophisticated state.
181
00:16:54,154 --> 00:16:55,292
他们要一决胜负
They wanted a showdown.
182
00:16:58,102 --> 00:17:01,509
他们把分散的兵力集结在大篷车围成的圈里，
They gathered their scattered forces behind a great circle of wagons,
183
00:17:01,949 --> 00:17:03,654
并准备投入战斗。
and readied themselves for battle.
184
00:17:09,292 --> 00:17:12,376
1838年12月16日拂晓，
At dawn on 16th December 1838,
185
00:17:12,377 --> 00:17:16,261
一万多名祖鲁战士冲过地平线，
more than 10,000 Zulus stormed across the horizon,
186
00:17:18,509 --> 00:17:21,055
准备消灭寡不敌众的定居者。
charging in to destroy the outnumbered settlers.
187
00:17:23,696 --> 00:17:28,945
但这一次，欧洲人把技术发挥到极致。
But this time, the Europeans were able
to use their technology to maximum effect.
188
00:17:31,555 --> 00:17:34,351
为了增加前膛枪的射速，
To increase the rate of fire from their muzzle-loading rifles,
189
00:17:34,915 --> 00:17:37,511
一些人开枪射击，而另一些人同时装弹。
some would shoot while others would reload.
190
00:17:39,011 --> 00:17:44,156
他们开枪，换枪，拿下一把枪，再开火，再换枪。
They would shoot, hand the gun over, take
the next gun, fire, hand the gun over.
191
00:17:47,009 --> 00:17:49,291
所以每隔五六秒钟就可射击一次。
So every five or six seconds you could fire a shot.
192
00:17:51,041 --> 00:17:52,851
那是很重要的。
See that, that was the important thing.
193
00:18:04,463 --> 00:18:09,156
这次，没有一个祖鲁人能冲进距营地十步以内。
This time, not a single Zulu could
get within ten paces of the encampment.
194
00:18:10,164 --> 00:18:11,166
这是一场大屠杀。
It was a massacre.
195
00:18:15,355 --> 00:18:20,604
沃特雷克人可能杀死了3000-3500名祖鲁人
The voertrekkers had probably killed an estimated 3-3,500 Zulus.
196
00:18:21,133 --> 00:18:24,561
布尔人只有三人受伤。
The Boers themselves suffered only three injuries.
197
00:18:27,408 --> 00:18:30,405
这场冲突被称为血河之战。
The conflict became known as the Battle of Blood River.
198
00:18:33,856 --> 00:18:35,405
祖鲁人被击败
The Zulus had been broken.
199
00:18:36,105 --> 00:18:39,156
枪支、病菌和钢铁占了上风。
Guns, germs and steel had prevailed.
200
00:18:58,119 --> 00:19:01,963
得胜的欧洲殖民者向祖鲁的土地推进，
The victorious European settlers pushed on beyond Zulu lands,
201
00:19:03,167 --> 00:19:07,369
而新技术的发展加快了征服的步伐。
while new developments in their technology
let them increase the pace of conquest.
202
00:19:16,672 --> 00:19:18,664
铁路是关键。
Railroads were key.
203
00:19:19,809 --> 00:19:22,763
有了铁路，人们可以在广阔的地区
With railroads one could transport lots of people
204
00:19:22,764 --> 00:19:25,917
运送大量的人和他们的物资。
and their supplies over vast areas.
205
00:19:28,018 --> 00:19:32,058
所以在非洲，欧洲人开始修建铁路，
And so in Africa, Europeans started to build railroads,
206
00:19:32,296 --> 00:19:36,267
进入内陆地区，运输人员和物资。
move into the interior and transport themselves and their supplies.
207
00:19:40,964 --> 00:19:43,557
这是工业革命的时代，
This was the era of the industrial revolution,
208
00:19:44,526 --> 00:19:49,057
这场革命为非洲的殖民统治带来了另一种武器。
a revolution that introduced one further weapon to the colonization of Africa.
209
00:19:50,766 --> 00:19:54,963
能把血河之战上毁灭性的火力
A weapon that put the same devastating fire power seen at Blood River
210
00:19:55,497 --> 00:19:58,059
集中到一个人手里的武器。
into the hands of just a single man.
211
00:19:58,463 --> 00:20:04,276
这是马克沁机枪，是什么造就如此伟大的武器，
This is a Maxim gun. What made this weapon such a great weapon,
212
00:20:04,528 --> 00:20:07,966
与多年前使用的老式单发武器不同，
as opposed to the old single-shot weapons
that had been used in years before,
213
00:20:08,705 --> 00:20:13,462
这把枪能每分钟连续射击500发子弹
is this gun could fire continuously for up to 500 rounds a minute.
214
00:20:14,266 --> 00:20:15,814
它的火力相当于
It had the equivalent fire power
215
00:20:15,815 --> 00:20:19,963
大约100人连队的单发武器。
of probably 100 men in a company with single shot weapons.
216
00:20:24,074 --> 00:20:28,309
当驱车深入非洲时，欧洲人遇到了新的部落，
As they drove further into Africa, Europeans encountered new tribes,
217
00:20:28,796 --> 00:20:32,222
有些部落和祖鲁人一样对入侵怀有敌意。
some just as hostile to invasion as the Zulus had been.
218
00:20:35,424 --> 00:20:37,012
但对于像马塔贝列这样的部落，
But for peoples like the Matabele,
219
00:20:37,528 --> 00:20:41,518
面对世界上第一台全自动武器根本束手无策。
there was simply no answer to the world's first fully-automatic weapon.
220
00:20:47,122 --> 00:20:52,122
1893年10月的马塔贝列冲突持续了几个小时。
The Matabele conflict of October 1893 lasted a matter of hours.
221
00:21:07,467 --> 00:21:10,391
在定居者的扫射下，马塔贝列战士纷纷倒下，
The settlers mowed down those Matabele warriors
222
00:21:10,392 --> 00:21:12,716
直到只剩下几个人。
until there were only a few of them left.
223
00:21:16,308 --> 00:21:19,769
这是个真实案例，落后古老的技术对抗
It was a real case of ancient technology up against
224
00:21:20,143 --> 00:21:23,469
欧洲最新最伟大技术。
the latest and greatest as far as European inventions were concerned.
225
00:21:35,872 --> 00:21:37,916
这好像是新时代的诞生。
It seems like the birth of a new age.
226
00:21:39,761 --> 00:21:43,058
欧洲人在开辟道路通向非洲内陆。
Europeans carving the path into the interior of Africa.
227
00:21:45,519 --> 00:21:50,019
征服一个又一个部落，在他们喜欢的地方定居。
Conquering tribe after tribe, settling where they pleased.
228
00:21:53,621 --> 00:21:55,622
枪炮，病菌和钢铁的胜利。
Guns, germs and steel triumphant.
229
00:21:58,121 --> 00:22:03,060
但不久，这些定居者发现面临了全新的敌人，
Except now, those settlers would find
themselves facing an entirely new enemy
230
00:22:04,622 --> 00:22:06,670
曾经是他们最伟大的盟友。
one that had once been their greatest ally.
231
00:22:08,017 --> 00:22:08,936
地理
Geography.
232
00:22:26,621 --> 00:22:30,267
当他们向北迁移时，定居者不断开垦土地，
As they moved north, settlers cleared land for farms,
233
00:22:30,844 --> 00:22:34,060
他们相信可以在非洲建立繁荣的生活。
confident they could build a prosperous life in Africa.
234
00:22:39,016 --> 00:22:42,465
但没有什么警告，就开始出岔子了
But with little warning, things began to go awry.
235
00:22:45,267 --> 00:22:47,488
土地变得无法耕种了。
The land became impossible to plough.
236
00:22:53,289 --> 00:22:55,309
他们的庄稼不肯生长。
Their crops refused to grow.
237
00:23:00,058 --> 00:23:02,085
他们的鞋在泥泞中脱落。
Their shoes fell apart in the mud.
238
00:23:14,486 --> 00:23:16,513
那只是开始。
And that was only the start.
239
00:23:23,967 --> 00:23:29,961
欧洲人遇到的第二个大问题是动物死亡。
The second big problem that Europeans
encountered was their animals died.
240
00:23:32,769 --> 00:23:36,544
马和牛是欧洲人优势的主要组成部分，
Their horses and oxen had been a
big part of the European advantage
241
00:23:36,545 --> 00:23:37,520
相对于世界其他地方。
elsewhere in the world
242
00:23:37,924 --> 00:23:43,326
牛可出劳力，马可用于作战，
oxen as draught animals, and horses as their military animals,
243
00:23:43,771 --> 00:23:46,028
但在这里，动物正在死亡。
but here their animals were dying.
244
00:23:50,214 --> 00:23:51,289
几千年来，
For thousands of years,
245
00:23:51,290 --> 00:23:56,364
这些驯养的动物和农作物维持着欧洲文明。
these domesticated animals and crops
had sustained European civilization.
246
00:23:57,122 --> 00:24:00,904
没有他们，就没有枪、病菌和钢铁；
Without them, there would have
been no guns, germs and steel;
247
00:24:03,457 --> 00:24:06,111
不会有征服和殖民的历史。
no history of conquest and colonization.
248
00:24:09,158 --> 00:24:14,062
现在定居者也开始患上可怕的热病，
And now the settlers themselves began to fall ill with terrible fevers,
249
00:24:17,113 --> 00:24:19,930
而他们可以看到周围的原住民
while all around them they could see native Africans
250
00:24:19,931 --> 00:24:23,639
耕种，放牧，
farming, herding cattle,
251
00:24:23,740 --> 00:24:25,747
健康而有活力。
healthy and alive.
252
00:24:29,059 --> 00:24:30,310
这怎么可能？
How was this possible?
253
00:24:32,498 --> 00:24:35,749
这个陌生的新土地有什么秘密？
What were the secrets of this strange new land?
254
00:24:45,498 --> 00:24:50,561
枪支、病菌和钢铁背后的理念都源于对地理的理解。
The ideas behind guns, germs and steel all
spring from an understanding of geography.
255
00:24:52,457 --> 00:24:55,207
地理学解释了为什么欧洲人现在失败了
And geography explains why Europeans were now failing.
256
00:24:57,906 --> 00:25:00,502
欧洲的庄稼在开普省长得很好，
European crops had grown well in the Cape,
257
00:25:00,503 --> 00:25:03,498
因为开普省是欧洲对赤道的镜像，
because the Cape was a mirror of the European world,
258
00:25:03,972 --> 00:25:05,607
位于相似的纬度上。
lying on a similar latitude.
259
00:25:07,657 --> 00:25:12,216
但是随着定居者进入非洲内陆，一直向北迁移，
But as the settlers progressed into the African interior, they'd been moving north,
260
00:25:12,716 --> 00:25:14,656
离赤道越来越近。
closer and closer to the Equator.
261
00:25:16,105 --> 00:25:19,811
南纬23度，靠近林波波河
At about 23 degrees south, near the River Limpopo,
262
00:25:20,218 --> 00:25:25,060
他们经过了重要的地理边界，叫南回归线。
they passed a major geographical
boundary known as the Tropic of Capricorn.
263
00:25:28,356 --> 00:25:31,156
他们离开了熟悉的欧洲气候，
They were leaving behind their familiar European climate
264
00:25:31,157 --> 00:25:34,157
进入了一个完全不同的世界
and entering a totally different world.
265
00:25:36,614 --> 00:25:38,365
他们已进入热带地区
They had entered the Tropics.
266
00:25:41,606 --> 00:25:44,008
与欧洲或温带地区相比，
Compared to the European or temperate zones,
267
00:25:44,009 --> 00:25:47,810
热带地区的规则完全不同。
the Tropics operate by entirely different rules.
268
00:25:50,013 --> 00:25:53,563
没有欧洲、北美和开普的四季，
Instead of the four seasons of Europe, North America and the Cape,
269
00:25:54,094 --> 00:25:55,980
这里只有两季：
here there are just two:
270
00:25:56,781 --> 00:26:00,866
旱季和雨季。
the dry season, and the rainy.
271
00:26:04,362 --> 00:26:05,230
小麦和大麦
Wheat and barley,
272
00:26:05,231 --> 00:26:09,499
延续了欧洲文明几个世纪的农作物
the crops that had sustained European civilization for centuries,
273
00:26:10,044 --> 00:26:13,269
并没有进化到能在热带气候中生存
had not evolved to survive in this tropical climate.
274
00:26:20,459 --> 00:26:21,759
但是非洲原住民
Yet the native Africans,
275
00:26:21,760 --> 00:26:26,659
祖鲁人，马塔贝列人，所有定居者遇到的部落
the Zulus, the Matabele, all the tribes
that the settlers had encountered,
276
00:26:27,185 --> 00:26:30,367
和欧洲人一样，也依赖农业
depended on agriculture just as much as the Europeans.
277
00:26:30,989 --> 00:26:34,405
当欧洲人遭遇失败，他们是如何成功的？
How were they succeeding as the Europeans failed?
278
00:26:40,615 --> 00:26:41,586
即使在今天，
Even today,
279
00:26:41,587 --> 00:26:46,358
非洲大陆由数千个不同的部落组成。
the continent of Africa is composed of
thousands of different tribal groupings.
280
00:26:48,108 --> 00:26:52,501
在风俗习惯和语言上，每个都其他略微不同
Each is subtly distinct from
the next, in custom and language.
281
00:27:03,709 --> 00:27:07,959
这种多样性意味着大多数非洲人必须掌握多种语言，
Such diversity means that most Africans
have to master more than one language,
282
00:27:09,312 --> 00:27:11,717
他们在很小的时候就学会了这些技能
and they acquire those skills at a very young age.
283
00:27:20,560 --> 00:27:23,467
我想知道你们会说多少种语言
I would like to find out how many languages you speak.
284
00:27:24,184 --> 00:27:26,499
这里谁会说，会说本巴语？
Who here speaks, knows how to speak Bemba?
285
00:27:29,000 --> 00:27:30,000
啊哈
Aha.
286
00:27:30,750 --> 00:27:34,609
还有谁知道、或懂、或会说洛齐语？
Does anybody else know how to understand or speak Lozi?
287
00:27:35,429 --> 00:27:37,063
- 你会说洛齐语。- 是的。
- You speak Lozi. - Yes.
288
00:27:37,135 --> 00:27:39,366
- 你还会说本巴语吗？- 是的。
- Do you also speak Bemba? - Yes.
289
00:27:39,970 --> 00:27:42,009
你还会说别的语言吗？
Is there another language that you speak also?
290
00:27:43,210 --> 00:27:44,210
卢瓦语
Lovak.
291
00:27:44,489 --> 00:27:48,250
卢瓦语，那就是四种语言了。很好。
Lovak. That's four languages. That's good.
292
00:27:48,473 --> 00:27:50,217
大多数美国人只说一种语言
Most Americans speak only one language.
293
00:27:59,908 --> 00:28:04,313
在接触了这些不同的语言之后，开始意识到，
After a little exposure to these different
languages, you begin to realise one thing
294
00:28:05,999 --> 00:28:08,114
它们听起来都非常相似
they all sound remarkably similar.
295
00:28:10,015 --> 00:28:14,469
我对语言很着迷，无论我去哪里，我都会问非洲人
I'm fascinated with languages, and wherever
I've been going I'm asking Africans,
296
00:28:14,827 --> 00:28:17,521
你的语言是什么，用你的语言告诉我一些单词
what's your language and tell
me some words in your language,
297
00:28:17,522 --> 00:28:20,469
这就是我发现“太阳”这个词
so here's what I found out for the word for sun.
298
00:28:20,833 --> 00:28:25,969
在本巴语中是 Haka Zuba，在尼昂加语中，太阳是 azuba
in the Bemba language it's haka zuba,
In the Neanga language, sun is azuba,
299
00:28:26,751 --> 00:28:31,359
奇瓦语是 Dzuba，塞加语，又是 zuba。
in Chiwa it's dzuba, and in the Senga languages, zuba again.
300
00:28:32,032 --> 00:28:33,218
又如“水”这个词
Or the word for water.
301
00:28:33,710 --> 00:28:38,719
尼昂加语是 manzi，本巴语是 amenchi，
In the Neanga language it's manzi and in Bemba it's amenchi,
302
00:28:39,377 --> 00:28:42,656
奇瓦语是 manzi，相互间十分相似。
and in chiwa it's manzi, similar to each other again.
303
00:28:46,406 --> 00:28:48,769
这些语言上的相似之处说明什么？
What do these linguistic similarities tell us?
304
00:28:50,368 --> 00:28:54,719
热带非洲的大多数现代语言都有一个共同的发源
That there is a common root for most of
the modern languages of tropical Africa.
305
00:28:56,313 --> 00:29:00,110
一个族群讲一种古老的语言
A single ancestral language spoken by a single group of people
306
00:29:01,052 --> 00:29:03,909
现代许多语言都是源于它。
from which the many languages of today have descended.
307
00:29:11,908 --> 00:29:16,814
语言分析已经分离出叫班图的语系，
Linguistic analysis has isolated a family of languages known as Bantu,
308
00:29:17,458 --> 00:29:19,812
起源于热带西非。
which originated in tropical West Africa.
309
00:29:24,614 --> 00:29:30,109
大约5000年前，早期讲班图语的人开始来到新土地，
About 5,000 years ago, the early Bantu
speakers began to spread into new lands,
310
00:29:30,618 --> 00:29:34,453
带来他们的庄稼、动物和他们的语言。
bringing their crops, their animals and their language with them.
311
00:29:37,252 --> 00:29:38,529
几个世纪以来，
And over centuries,
312
00:29:38,530 --> 00:29:43,406
班图文化发展成数百个部落，
Bantu culture evolved, diversifying into hundreds of tribes,
313
00:29:43,876 --> 00:29:47,063
在非洲热带地区扩张
expanding across the tropical region of Africa.
314
00:29:53,000 --> 00:29:58,157
但这个泛非文明的真相被埋藏了多年。
But the truth of this pan-African
civilisation was suppressed for many years.
315
00:30:01,359 --> 00:30:06,814
亚历克斯·肖曼博士试图推翻南非种族主义历史的遗产。
Dr Alex Schoeman is trying to overturn the legacy of South Africa's racist past.
316
00:30:09,312 --> 00:30:13,428
她一直在林波波河岸挖掘一处考古遗址
She has been excavating an archaeological
site on the banks of the Limpopo River.
317
00:30:18,813 --> 00:30:21,062
在20世纪初，
In the early part of the 20th century,
318
00:30:21,813 --> 00:30:26,003
南非白人社区里有传言说这个地方，
and there were rumors in the white
South African community about this place,
319
00:30:26,596 --> 00:30:28,311
在他们心中与示巴女王有关
in their minds linked to the Queen of Sheba
320
00:30:28,563 --> 00:30:32,503
或者与南部非洲早期的白人文明有关
or some other early white civilization in Southern Africa,
321
00:30:33,081 --> 00:30:35,064
试图证明腓尼基人或苏比人
trying to show that the Phoenicians or the Subeyans,
322
00:30:35,314 --> 00:30:38,564
总之是任何比非洲人肤色浅的人最早来的，
basically anybody who was a bit lighter-
skinned than Africans, were here first,
323
00:30:38,836 --> 00:30:40,469
但发现恰恰相反
and they found the opposite,
324
00:30:41,157 --> 00:30:43,868
非洲人有着惊人的伟大历史
that Africans actually had amazing great history
325
00:30:44,187 --> 00:30:47,652
他们建立的早期国家远在
and that they had earlier states running before,
326
00:30:47,653 --> 00:30:51,118
任何白人踏入非洲之前
way before any white set foot in Africa.
327
00:30:53,116 --> 00:30:57,165
这个地方叫做马彭古德，豺狼之地，
This site, known as Mapungudwe, the place of the jackal,
328
00:30:57,831 --> 00:31:02,406
形成了王国的中心，类似于欧洲最早的文明。
formed the heart of a kingdom similar
to the earliest civilizations in Europe.
329
00:31:26,062 --> 00:31:30,219
马彭古德是核心，是一个庞大国家的首都，
Mapungudwe was the core, it was
the capital of a massive state,
330
00:31:30,773 --> 00:31:33,223
约有5000人生活在这座山的周围
and about 5,000 people living around this hill,
331
00:31:33,796 --> 00:31:37,471
还有几千人生活在山谷里
but then you had several thousand
other people living in the valley
332
00:31:37,783 --> 00:31:40,972
农业生产足以养活城镇里的人
who produced the agricultural surplus to feed the city or town.
333
00:31:44,860 --> 00:31:46,316
他们有牛，有羊，
They had cattle, they had sheep,
334
00:31:46,317 --> 00:31:51,173
他们种高粱、小米，还打铁。
they grew sorghum, millet, and they worked iron.
335
00:31:54,205 --> 00:31:55,282
规模很大，
It was a massive,
336
00:31:55,283 --> 00:32:00,360
在南部非洲发展了惊人的文明。
amazing development that occurred in Southern Africa.
337
00:32:05,773 --> 00:32:07,813
这不是一个孤立的国家
And this was not an isolated state.
338
00:32:08,459 --> 00:32:11,362
是更大的经济网络的一部分
It formed part of a much larger economic network
339
00:32:11,363 --> 00:32:15,065
遍布南部非洲内外。
that had spread across Southern Africa and beyond.
340
00:32:17,814 --> 00:32:21,359
这些是马彭古德珠子，漂亮的蓝色珠子，
These are Mapungudwe beads, they're gorgeous blue ones,
341
00:32:21,616 --> 00:32:24,408
这些玻璃珠来自印度洋海岸，
these are glass beads that came
down the Indian Ocean coast,
342
00:32:25,502 --> 00:32:29,908
通过他们发现马彭古德是国际贸易的一部分，
and through them we know that Mapungudwe's
part of an international trade network,
343
00:32:30,548 --> 00:32:32,220
一直连接到海岸
linking it all the way to the coast.
344
00:32:33,910 --> 00:32:35,772
这是不可思议的非洲成就
It's an incredible African accomplishment,
345
00:32:36,177 --> 00:32:41,566
建立了连接博茨瓦纳北部的复杂贸易网络，
to set up such a complex trade network that
links all the way into Northern Botswana,
346
00:32:42,117 --> 00:32:45,619
把货物从那里运到印度洋沿岸
bringing material from there and taking
it all the way to the Indian Ocean coast.
347
00:32:57,457 --> 00:33:00,663
所以，非洲人克服了挫败
So, Africans had overcome the problems of agriculture
348
00:33:00,664 --> 00:33:02,869
欧洲殖民者的农业问题
that defeated the European settlers.
349
00:33:06,112 --> 00:33:08,989
他们发展了独特的热带农业体系
They had developed a unique tropical system of agriculture
350
00:33:08,990 --> 00:33:11,066
遍布整个大陆，
that had spread across the continent,
351
00:33:12,004 --> 00:33:17,127
并成为复杂社会的基础，贸易通达印度。
and become the foundation of complex
societies, trading as far a field as India.
352
00:33:22,368 --> 00:33:24,896
在这个繁荣的热带文明的中心，
But there was an even more extraordinary story
353
00:33:24,897 --> 00:33:28,025
有一个更为不寻常的故事。
at the heart of this flourishing tropical civilization.
354
00:33:34,911 --> 00:33:36,377
他们一进入热带，
As soon as they entered the tropics,
355
00:33:36,815 --> 00:33:42,368
欧洲人和他们的家畜就染上了可怕疾病。
Europeans and their imported animals
had fallen victim to terrible disease.
356
00:33:47,522 --> 00:33:49,543
发烧使他们的人口锐减。
Fevers wracked their population.
357
00:33:50,944 --> 00:33:55,565
然而，热带非洲的人却没有受到影响。
Yet tropical Africans showed fewer of the same effects.
358
00:33:56,441 --> 00:34:00,626
许多人甚至幸免于欧洲最致命的病毒武器：
Many of them even survived that
most lethal of European weapons:
359
00:34:01,180 --> 00:34:02,246
天花
smallpox
360
00:34:04,647 --> 00:34:09,313
这种疾病已经摧毁了北美洲和南美洲的原住民
the disease that had devastated the
native peoples of North and South America
361
00:34:10,621 --> 00:34:12,775
以及非洲开普的科桑人
and the Koysan of the African Cape.
362
00:34:17,065 --> 00:34:18,316
这怎么可能？
How was this possible?
363
00:34:22,708 --> 00:34:25,378
戴蒙德认为这一切仍要回到地理上来
Diamond believes it all comes back to geography.
364
00:34:27,721 --> 00:34:31,424
造成定居者及牲畜死亡的疾病
Many of the diseases that were killing
the settlers and their European livestock
365
00:34:31,846 --> 00:34:33,773
是热带地区独有的
were unique to the tropical world.
366
00:34:36,564 --> 00:34:38,408
他们以前从未遇到过
They had never encountered them before.
367
00:34:41,412 --> 00:34:45,117
这完全颠覆了通常的征服模式。
It was a complete reversal of
the usual pattern of conquest.
368
00:34:46,824 --> 00:34:47,692
在新大陆，
In the New World,
369
00:34:47,693 --> 00:34:51,961
病菌是欧洲人杀害原住民的武器。
the germs had been a weapon on the side
of the Europeans killing indigenous people.
370
00:34:52,408 --> 00:34:57,276
这里是原住民的病菌，欧洲人没有接触过，
Here it was indigenous germs, to which
Europeans had not a history of exposure,
371
00:34:58,628 --> 00:35:01,269
所以我们又有枪、病菌和钢铁，
and so here we have guns germs and steel again,
372
00:35:01,618 --> 00:35:06,273
但这次病菌的作用相反，杀死了欧洲人。
but the germs working in the opposite direction, killing Europeans.
373
00:35:10,878 --> 00:35:13,074
定居者和他们带来的牲畜
The settlers and their imported livestock
374
00:35:13,075 --> 00:35:17,471
成为众多热带传染病的受害者。
had fallen victim to a host of tropical infections and diseases.
375
00:35:25,369 --> 00:35:28,020
但是非洲的牛，几千年来，
But African cattle, over thousands of years,
376
00:35:28,348 --> 00:35:31,567
对这些热带病菌产生了抗性。
had developed resistance to many of these tropical germs.
377
00:35:34,066 --> 00:35:37,618
这些牛也可以解释为什么热带非洲人
And these cattle might also explain why tropical Africans
378
00:35:37,912 --> 00:35:42,973
没有像开普的科伊桑人那样死于天花
had not succumbed to smallpox on the same
scale as the Koysan people of the Cape.
379
00:35:44,816 --> 00:35:50,021
天花病毒在几个世纪前最初从牛传给人类，
The smallpox virus originally crossed
over from cattle to man centuries ago,
380
00:35:50,475 --> 00:35:55,118
专家们现在认为它可能最早起源于热带非洲。
and experts now believe it may have
fi rst originated in tropical Africa.
381
00:35:57,024 --> 00:35:59,777
非洲人肯定对这种疾病很熟悉。
Africans were certainly familiar with the disease.
382
00:36:00,912 --> 00:36:05,526
他们甚至发明了终身免疫的接种方法
They had even developed methods of
vaccination that bestowed immunity for life.
383
00:36:09,725 --> 00:36:10,721
还有更多
And there was more.
384
00:36:14,473 --> 00:36:17,099
非洲原住民也进化出了抗体
Native Africans had also developed antibodies
385
00:36:17,100 --> 00:36:20,525
针对地球上最致命的一种疾病。
against one of the most virulent diseases on earth.
386
00:36:23,956 --> 00:36:24,900
疟疾
Malaria.
387
00:36:28,117 --> 00:36:29,894
一种由普通蚊子携带的疾病，
Carried by the humble mosquito,
388
00:36:30,795 --> 00:36:35,872
现在正席卷着欧洲殖民者。
this was the disease that was now
overwhelming the European settlers.
389
00:36:47,663 --> 00:36:52,128
非洲热带地区的人们不仅有抗体来对抗疟疾
But tropical Africans were combating
malaria with more than just antibodies.
390
00:36:55,130 --> 00:36:57,454
他们整个文明的进化
Their entire civilisation had evolved
391
00:36:57,455 --> 00:37:00,378
首先就帮助他们避免感染。
to help them avoid infection in the first place.
392
00:37:02,974 --> 00:37:05,723
他们往往定居在高海拔或干燥的地方，
They tended to settle in high or dry locations,
393
00:37:06,912 --> 00:37:10,024
远离蚊子滋生的潮湿地区。
away from the wet, humid areas where mosquitoes breed.
394
00:37:12,522 --> 00:37:17,675
居住的社区相对较小，分布的地区相对广阔，
And by living in relatively small
communities, spread out over vast areas,
395
00:37:18,222 --> 00:37:21,619
非洲人可以限制疟疾的传播程度。
Africans could limit the level of malaria transmission.
396
00:37:23,524 --> 00:37:25,525
这是一项非凡的成就。
It was an extraordinary achievement.
397
00:37:31,816 --> 00:37:35,973
但欧洲人对非洲人的生活方式知之甚少
But the Europeans understood little of the Africans' way of life.
398
00:37:36,902 --> 00:37:40,716
他们以河流和湖泊为水源地建造定居点，
They built settlements by the rivers and lakes they used for water,
399
00:37:40,817 --> 00:37:44,131
这是蚊子出没的地方。
in places infested by mosquitoes.
400
00:37:46,880 --> 00:37:48,381
数千人死亡。
Thousands died.
401
00:38:00,527 --> 00:38:04,914
因此，热带地区似乎战胜了欧洲的枪支、病菌和钢铁。
So it seemed that the tropics had
defeated European guns, germs and steel.
402
00:38:07,661 --> 00:38:10,028
非洲人已经胜利了。
And that Africans had emerged triumphant.
403
00:38:12,471 --> 00:38:16,881
他们演化出了一种非常适合热带的复杂文明。
They had evolved a complex civilization
well suited to the tropical world.
404
00:38:18,631 --> 00:38:23,975
一种以散居形式扩散在整个大陆上
A civilization that had spread throughout
the continent in a vast cultural Diaspora.
405
00:38:28,131 --> 00:38:33,318
是欧洲的枪支、病菌和钢铁在非洲的终结？
Was this the end of European guns, germs and steel in Africa?
406
00:38:35,276 --> 00:38:39,478
这个强大热带文明的未来会是怎样？
What would the future hold for
this mighty tropical civilization?
407
00:38:47,025 --> 00:38:50,380
欧洲人没能在非洲定居下来。
The Europeans had failed to settle Africa's land.
408
00:38:52,477 --> 00:38:55,130
这里不会变成北美洲或南美洲。
This would become no North or South America.
409
00:38:57,162 --> 00:39:01,179
但是，对于殖民大国来说，非洲仍然有巨大的吸引力，
But Africa still had one great draw for the colonizing powers
410
00:39:02,412 --> 00:39:04,973
那就是巨大的自然资源储备：
vast reserves of natural resources:
411
00:39:05,340 --> 00:39:07,882
铜；钻石；黄金。
copper; diamonds; gold.
412
00:39:10,569 --> 00:39:15,093
欧洲的征服以及枪支、病菌和钢铁的故事
European conquest and the story of guns, germs and steel
413
00:39:15,094 --> 00:39:17,818
现在将进入一个全新的时代。
would now enter a whole new age.
414
00:39:22,026 --> 00:39:26,477
在19世纪末，现在的刚果民主共和国，
In the late 1800s, is what is now
the Democratic Republic of the Congo,
415
00:39:27,120 --> 00:39:30,664
比利时人把数百万非洲原住民赶出了村庄，
the Belgians drove millions of
native Africans from their villages,
416
00:39:33,664 --> 00:39:38,224
让他们收集橡胶，开采铜和其他矿物。
setting them to work gathering rubber,
mining copper and other minerals.
417
00:39:45,026 --> 00:39:46,778
烧毁他们身后的家园。
Burning their homes behind them.
418
00:39:47,930 --> 00:39:53,276
具有千年历史的热带文明化为灰烬
Reducing their 1,000 year old tropical
civilization to dust and ashes.
419
00:39:54,883 --> 00:39:58,567
很少有人像比利时人那样残忍，整个大陆，
Few were as brutal as the Belgians, but across the continent,
420
00:39:58,841 --> 00:40:02,509
数以百万计的非洲人被迫放弃已经
millions of Africans were compelled to abandon a way of life
421
00:40:02,510 --> 00:40:04,977
完全适应热带的生活方式，
perfectly adapted to the tropics,
422
00:40:07,028 --> 00:40:09,130
沦为欧洲人的劳工。
and to labor for Europeans.
423
00:40:12,568 --> 00:40:15,450
把非洲的自然财富运回欧洲
To ferry Africa's natural wealth back to Europe,
424
00:40:15,551 --> 00:40:18,932
殖民者再次借助他们的技术，
the colonizers turned again to their technology,
425
00:40:19,880 --> 00:40:21,974
建造更大的铁路网
building ever greater railroads.
426
00:40:24,433 --> 00:40:28,225
经过半个多世纪，几万人的劳动，
After more than half a century
and the labor of tens of thousands,
427
00:40:28,741 --> 00:40:32,111
闪闪发光的铁轨从开普一直延伸到
tracks of shining steel reached all the way from the Cape
428
00:40:32,112 --> 00:40:34,882
热带的中心地带。
into the very heart of the tropics.
429
00:40:41,933 --> 00:40:45,278
为欧洲人攫取非洲的财富而建造
Constructed for Europeans to extract Africa's wealth.
430
00:40:49,383 --> 00:40:52,380
建在非洲文明的废墟上。
Built on the ruins of African civilization.
431
00:41:04,228 --> 00:41:05,253
一直以来，
All this time,
432
00:41:05,254 --> 00:41:09,778
我在批露非洲各地枪支、病菌和钢铁的踪迹。
I've been uncovering the trail of
guns, germs and steel across Africa.
433
00:41:12,177 --> 00:41:16,817
甚至这列火车和轨道都是我故事的核心。
And even this train and the track it
rides on lie at the heart of my story.
434
00:41:22,430 --> 00:41:26,571
这些铁路仍在使用，仍在实现其原始目的。
These tracks are still in use, still fulfilling their original purpose.
435
00:41:28,780 --> 00:41:33,070
火车从非洲南端开往现代的刚果和赞比亚，
Trains travel from the southern tip
of Africa into modern Congo and Zambia,
436
00:41:33,475 --> 00:41:36,569
运回大量铜和其他矿物。
ferrying back tons of copper and other minerals.
437
00:41:39,320 --> 00:41:42,415
但今天的非洲不再是殖民地大陆。
But Africa today is no longer a continent of colonies.
438
00:41:45,069 --> 00:41:46,934
它的国家是自由和独立的。
Its nations are free and independent.
439
00:41:49,882 --> 00:41:54,779
枪支、病菌和钢铁理论在现代非洲有什么地位？
What place is there for my theory of
guns, germs and steel in modern Africa?
440
00:42:02,480 --> 00:42:05,280
赞比亚北部的姆多拉。
M'Dola, northern Zambia.
441
00:42:05,810 --> 00:42:07,909
杰瑞德·戴蒙德铁路旅行的终点。
The end of the line for Jared Diamond.
442
00:42:09,911 --> 00:42:11,511
邻国刚果的内战
Civil war in the neighboring Congo
443
00:42:11,512 --> 00:42:15,312
使这条铁路的最后几英里太危险了。
makes it too dangerous to travel
the last few miles of this track.
444
00:42:17,816 --> 00:42:21,512
但即使在这里，现代非洲的现实也是很清楚的。
But even here, the reality of modern Africa is clear.
445
00:42:24,159 --> 00:42:28,700
我现在在非洲热带的中心，我在赞比亚，
I'm now in the centre of the African tropics, and I'm in Zambia,
446
00:42:28,996 --> 00:42:32,715
是非洲乃至全世界最贫穷的国家之一。
one of the poorest countries in Africa and really in the whole world.
447
00:42:33,138 --> 00:42:35,907
这里的平均年收入是几百美元，
The average annual income here is a few hundred dollars,
448
00:42:36,817 --> 00:42:40,981
赞比亚人的平均寿命是35岁，
and the lifespan, average lifespan of a Zambian is 35 years,
449
00:42:41,265 --> 00:42:45,864
我自己快到将近赞比亚人平均寿命两倍的年纪。
so I myself have now lived nearly
two average Zambian lifetimes.
450
00:42:47,450 --> 00:42:49,604
我脑子里想的是，
What goes through my mind here is,
451
00:42:49,605 --> 00:42:53,158
历史和地理、枪支、病菌和钢铁能告诉我们什么，
what can history and geography and guns, germs and steel
452
00:42:53,596 --> 00:42:57,952
能帮助我们了解赞比亚今天的困境？
tell us that would help us understand the plight of Zambia today?
453
00:43:06,513 --> 00:43:11,313
在现代赞比亚，几乎看不到曾经在热带非洲
In modern Zambia I see few signs around
me of the great native civilizations
454
00:43:11,535 --> 00:43:13,606
繁荣发展的伟大本土文明的迹象。
that once flourished in tropical Africa.
455
00:43:16,106 --> 00:43:19,452
相反，是一个被殖民统治所塑造的国家。
What I see instead is a country shaped by colonization.
456
00:43:20,404 --> 00:43:22,436
我看到在欧洲人建立的
I see towns and cities that grew up
457
00:43:22,437 --> 00:43:26,068
矿山和铁路旁形成的城镇，
next to the mines and railroads established by Europeans,
458
00:43:27,318 --> 00:43:28,952
以欧洲模式为基础。
and built on the European model.
459
00:43:32,312 --> 00:43:36,014
最初塑造这个大陆及其人民的强大力量呢？
What about the great forces that originally
shaped this continent and its people?
460
00:43:37,410 --> 00:43:40,356
欧洲人征服非洲背后的力量。
The forces behind its conquest by Europeans.
461
00:43:41,818 --> 00:43:44,450
在现代非洲，枪、细菌和钢铁在哪里？
Where are guns, germs and steel in modern Africa?
462
00:43:49,311 --> 00:43:51,202
在赞比亚，疟疾是地方病。
In Zambia, malaria is endemic.
463
00:43:53,015 --> 00:43:54,863
这是头号公共卫生问题，
It is the number one public health problem,
464
00:43:54,864 --> 00:43:58,111
如果你特别关注孩子们，
and when you look at the children particularly,
465
00:43:58,379 --> 00:44:02,766
当你去一家医疗机构时，
when you go to a health facility,up to 45% of the children
466
00:44:02,767 --> 00:44:07,453
门诊部多达45%的儿童实际罹患疟疾。
in the outpatient facility of the hospital
will actually be presenting with malaria.
467
00:44:08,911 --> 00:44:12,339
病菌是戴蒙德认为历史上最伟大的力量之一，
Germs, one of Diamond's great forces of history,
468
00:44:12,340 --> 00:44:15,567
仍在塑造现赞比亚。
are still shaping the story of modern Zambia.
469
00:44:18,420 --> 00:44:20,562
不仅仅是最近的艾滋病
Not just the recent scourge of AIDS,
470
00:44:21,093 --> 00:44:26,953
也有那个战胜欧洲人的古老热带病 - 疟疾。
but also that ancient tropical disease
that defeated Europeans - malaria.
471
00:44:29,107 --> 00:44:34,267
疟疾现在是非洲五岁以下儿童的头号杀手。
Malaria is now the number one killer of
African children under five years old.
472
00:44:34,878 --> 00:44:39,700
这本旧的登记簿让你感受到
This old register will just show you the picture of,
473
00:44:40,639 --> 00:44:43,911
医院内的死亡人数。
of the number of deaths that would
have occurred within the hospital.
474
00:44:45,013 --> 00:44:48,337
他们大多是五岁以下的孩子，
Most of them are children below five years,
475
00:44:49,038 --> 00:44:51,862
一岁半，三岁，
one year six months, three years,
476
00:44:52,575 --> 00:44:56,113
五个月，一岁，
five months, one year,
477
00:44:57,114 --> 00:45:01,451
他们中的大多数都在五年以下。
most of them are really below five years.
478
00:45:05,114 --> 00:45:09,659
热带非洲人曾经散居在大片地区，
Tropical Africans once lived in
settlements spread out over large areas,
479
00:45:10,048 --> 00:45:12,110
从而将疟疾的传播降到最低。
which minimised the spread of malaria.
480
00:45:13,264 --> 00:45:16,815
但现在生活在现代化的高密度城镇，
But now they're living in modern
high-density cities and towns,
481
00:45:17,201 --> 00:45:20,062
感染率急剧上升。
and the rate of infection has increased dramatically.
482
00:45:23,048 --> 00:45:27,813
病菌是困扰这个国家的最大问题之一。
The burden of germs is one of the
greatest problems afflicting the country.
483
00:45:28,953 --> 00:45:32,685
毫无疑问，疟疾给国家带来了巨大的经济负担，
Undoubtedly malaria has a very big
economic burden on us as a country,
484
00:45:32,686 --> 00:45:34,818
因为你可能知道，
because as you may be aware,
485
00:45:34,819 --> 00:45:36,952
如果有那么多的孩子会患疟疾，
if so many children would be suffering from malaria,
486
00:45:36,953 --> 00:45:38,951
看看这个病房里的孩子们，
if we just look at the children who are in this ward,
487
00:45:39,517 --> 00:45:42,422
这些母亲原本应在某处工作并且有生产力，
these mothers would be working
somewhere and being productive,
488
00:45:42,882 --> 00:45:44,967
所以我们直观地看到
so that's one direct way in which we know
489
00:45:44,968 --> 00:45:47,453
生产力在很大程度上受到影响。
productivity's been affected to a large extent.
490
00:45:49,202 --> 00:45:51,302
据着名经济学家估计，
It's been estimated by eminent economists
491
00:45:51,403 --> 00:45:56,203
过去半个世纪，非洲每年1%的负增长
that the 1% negative growth each year in Africa
492
00:45:56,483 --> 00:46:00,361
完全可以归因于疟疾。
over the last half a century can be attributed entirely to malaria.
493
00:46:01,704 --> 00:46:06,316
非洲人几千年形成对疟疾的免疫抗体
The immunities and antibodies that Africans
had developed over thousands of years
494
00:46:06,517 --> 00:46:10,406
现在不能再提供足够的保护。
to protect them from malaria no longer provide sufficient protection.
495
00:46:12,267 --> 00:46:17,516
这种疾病毒株变异了，标准药物的疗效越来越差。
The strains of the disease are mutating, and
standard drugs are becoming less effective.
496
00:46:18,380 --> 00:46:23,972
在疟疾高发季节，这家医院每天有多达7名儿童死亡。
In the high malaria season, up to seven
children a day die in this hospital.
497
00:46:26,663 --> 00:46:27,757
你已经习惯了。
You're used to this.
498
00:46:28,048 --> 00:46:32,419
我，我没有习惯这种场景
I'm, I'm not. I'm - what is this,
499
00:46:32,765 --> 00:46:37,609
这让你如何感受……，你在赞比亚的工作？
what does this scene make you
feel about... your work in Zambia?
500
00:46:37,849 --> 00:46:42,421
坦白说，贾里德，我不会说我已经习惯了。
I wouldn't say I'm used to this, Exactly. To be frank with you, Jared,
501
00:46:42,829 --> 00:46:47,343
因为我不认为有人会习惯生病
because I don't think there's anyone who can be used to sickness
502
00:46:47,344 --> 00:46:48,858
甚至死亡，
and eventually death,
503
00:46:49,189 --> 00:46:52,767
尤其是那些你深爱的，并成为你一部分的人。
especially of people that you love
so very much and are a part of you.
504
00:46:53,423 --> 00:46:58,765
是的，事实上我会说，因为问题的严重性，
It is, it is something that in fact I would
say because of the magnitude of the problem,
505
00:46:59,501 --> 00:47:03,060
人们希望尽其所能来帮助他们。
one would wish to do everything they possibly could do.
506
00:47:18,767 --> 00:47:19,767
因为事实上……
Because of the fact that ...
507
00:47:33,268 --> 00:47:37,064
对一些东西理智地理解和
There's a difference between
understanding something intellectually
508
00:47:37,609 --> 00:47:39,173
亲身体验是有区别的。
and experiencing it at first hand.
509
00:47:42,975 --> 00:47:44,192
在我的书里，
In my book,
510
00:47:44,193 --> 00:47:49,810
客观上，病菌是三个主要的历史力量之一，
forces of history and it's impersonal,
germs was one of the three main
511
00:47:50,804 --> 00:47:52,061
但是…
and...
512
00:47:53,962 --> 00:47:55,940
还是不太一样，而且…
it's still different and...
513
00:47:55,941 --> 00:48:01,318
在病菌活动的地方深深地打动了我。
it hits me to be in a place where germs are in action.
514
00:48:12,611 --> 00:48:15,164
三十年前我开始了一次旅行。
Thirty years ago I set out on a journey.
515
00:48:19,519 --> 00:48:23,374
寻求了解世界不平等的根源。
A quest to understand the origins
of inequality in our world.
516
00:48:27,922 --> 00:48:31,706
我发现故事可以追溯到文明的开始，
I discovered that this story stretched
back to the beginning of civilization,
517
00:48:33,018 --> 00:48:35,358
并依赖于我们星球的地理位置。
and rested on the geography of our planet.
518
00:48:38,468 --> 00:48:42,110
当人类第一次开始耕种时，世界上只有一小块地方
When humans first started farming, one small area in the world
519
00:48:42,347 --> 00:48:44,673
有幸拥有最好的农作物和动物，
was lucky enough to have the best crops and animals,
520
00:48:45,452 --> 00:48:49,018
这使一群人在历史上具有独特的优势。
which gave one group of people a unique advantage in history.
521
00:48:52,176 --> 00:48:54,721
欧洲人完善了枪支和钢铁，
Europeans perfected guns and steel
522
00:48:55,822 --> 00:48:59,267
进化出致命的疾病和病菌。
evolved lethal diseases and germs.
523
00:49:02,517 --> 00:49:04,167
然后，他们利用这些工具
They then used these tools
524
00:49:04,168 --> 00:49:08,817
征服大陆，并积累了非凡的财富。
to conquer continents and to build extraordinary wealth.
525
00:49:11,266 --> 00:49:14,515
我总结认为地理、枪支、病菌和钢铁，
I conclude that geography, and guns, germs and steel,
526
00:49:14,737 --> 00:49:17,954
是塑造我们世界历史的最强力量。
have been the strongest forces
to shape the history of our world.
527
00:49:22,611 --> 00:49:25,658
在赞比亚，这些力量今天仍在塑造世界。
Here in Zambia, these forces are still shaping the world today.
528
00:49:29,611 --> 00:49:32,742
热带病菌正席卷这个国家和人民，
Tropical germs are overwhelming this country and its people,
529
00:49:32,743 --> 00:49:34,474
使他们陷入贫困。
and driving them into poverty.
530
00:49:40,062 --> 00:49:42,477
这是否意味着赞比亚将永远是
Does that mean that Zambia will always remain
531
00:49:43,018 --> 00:49:45,267
这些历史和地理原因的牺牲品？
a victim of these great forces of history and geography?
532
00:49:49,862 --> 00:49:53,016
非洲的未来注定要和现在一样贫穷？
And that Africa is condemned to
a future as poor as its present?
533
00:49:56,126 --> 00:49:57,316
绝对不是。
Absolutely not.
534
00:49:58,673 --> 00:50:00,977
我想说这是一个充满希望的信念，
And I would say that the message is a hopeful one,
535
00:50:01,238 --> 00:50:03,768
不像确定论和宿命论者说的，
it's not a deterministic, fatalistic one that says,
536
00:50:04,079 --> 00:50:06,518
忘掉非洲和不发达地区。
forget about Africa and underdeveloped areas.
537
00:50:06,769 --> 00:50:09,797
而是说世界上不同的地区有各自特殊的原因
It says there are specific reasons why different parts of the world
538
00:50:09,798 --> 00:50:11,225
成了现在的样子
ended up as they did,
539
00:50:11,945 --> 00:50:14,611
了解这些原因，
and with understanding of those reasons,
540
00:50:15,068 --> 00:50:19,877
可以利用这些知识，帮助那些历史上处于劣势的地方。
we can use that knowledge to help the places
that historically were at a disadvantage.
541
00:50:22,723 --> 00:50:28,017
马来西亚和新加坡是世界上最富有、最具活力的经济体之一。
Malaysia and Singapore are among the richest
and most dynamic economies in the world.
542
00:50:29,266 --> 00:50:31,569
和非洲一样，它们也是热带国家，
Like Africa, they are tropical countries,
543
00:50:31,570 --> 00:50:34,673
有着同样的地理和健康问题，
with the same problems of geography and health,
544
00:50:35,235 --> 00:50:37,017
同样的地方性疟疾流行。
the same endemic malaria.
545
00:50:37,727 --> 00:50:41,611
但他们都通过了解自己的环境而改变自己。
But both transformed themselves
by understanding their environment.
546
00:50:43,815 --> 00:50:44,812
五十年前，
Fifty years ago,
547
00:50:44,813 --> 00:50:49,610
这些国家意识到地理和病菌可能带来的负担。
these countries realized the burden
that geography and germs could be.
548
00:50:53,016 --> 00:50:54,161
通过共同努力，
Through concerted effort,
549
00:50:54,162 --> 00:50:58,706
他们设法消灭当地的疟疾，
they managed to almost entirely eradicate malaria from their land,
550
00:51:00,944 --> 00:51:03,862
改变他们的经济和生活方式。
transforming their economies and way of life.
551
00:51:08,128 --> 00:51:10,177
马来西亚和新加坡的故事
The story of Malaysia and Singapore
552
00:51:10,178 --> 00:51:15,426
说明了对地理和历史的理解可以有所作为。
shows what an understanding of
geography and history can do.
553
00:51:18,862 --> 00:51:21,823
解释给你力量，给你力量去改变。
Explanations give you power,
they give you the power to change.
554
00:51:22,035 --> 00:51:24,527
告诉我们过去发生了什么，为什么，
They tell us what happened in the past and why,
555
00:51:24,895 --> 00:51:27,773
利用这些知识让未来有所不同。
and we can use that knowledge to make
different things happen in the future.
556
00:51:29,472 --> 00:51:31,364
赞比亚政府同意。
The government of Zambia agrees.
557
00:51:32,213 --> 00:51:36,959
他们建立了一个全国性的项目，试图消除疟疾。
They have set up a nationwide project to
try to eliminate malaria from the country,
558
00:51:37,490 --> 00:51:39,574
就像马来西亚和新加坡那样
just as in Malaysia and Singapore.
559
00:51:40,535 --> 00:51:43,322
新药，甚至可能的疫苗，
New drugs, even a possible vaccine,
560
00:51:43,323 --> 00:51:46,709
给了他们增加成功的机会。
are giving them an increasing chance of success.
561
00:51:47,647 --> 00:51:52,028
控制疟疾将意味着改善人民的福祉，
The control of malaria will mean an
improvement in the welfare of the people,
562
00:51:52,489 --> 00:51:57,178
人民福祉的改善意味着生产力的提高，
and an improvement in the welfare of the
people will mean increased productivity,
563
00:51:57,741 --> 00:52:02,275
生产力的提高意味着将成为富裕的国家，
and increased productivity will mean
that we will be a wealthy nation,
564
00:52:02,613 --> 00:52:04,267
因为那将意味着那时
because that will mean that then
565
00:52:04,268 --> 00:52:08,722
人们不仅有足够的食物，还有足够的时间，
people will have sufficient, not only food
566
00:52:08,992 --> 00:52:14,452
有足够的时间去做那些使人生完整
but sufficient time to do things that
make a human being complete and whole
567
00:52:15,014 --> 00:52:16,899
并生活充实的事情。
and able to lead a fulfilled life.
568
00:52:27,701 --> 00:52:28,951
贾里德·戴蒙德的探索
Jared Diamond's quest
569
00:52:28,952 --> 00:52:33,201
是了解人类历史上的巨大力量。
has been to understand the great forces of human history.
570
00:52:36,557 --> 00:52:39,550
但它仍然是最微小的细节，
But it is still the very smallest of details,
571
00:52:39,551 --> 00:52:42,743
人类个体的生命，
the lives of individual human beings,
572
00:52:43,180 --> 00:52:45,087
那是他工作的核心。
that lie at the heart of his work.
573
00:52:46,304 --> 00:52:50,151
当我们谈论历史，谈论发展，
When we talk about history we talk about
development, we talk about competition
574
00:52:50,359 --> 00:52:52,089
谈论社会和国家财富之间的竞争，
between societies and the wealth of nations,
575
00:52:53,242 --> 00:52:57,244
它听起来很理智，但在非洲还涉及到人。
it can sound intellectual, but here
in Africa there are human faces on it.
576
00:53:04,305 --> 00:53:08,703
对戴蒙德来说，即使经过30年的思考和调查，
And for Diamond, even after 30
years of thought and enquiry,
577
00:53:09,150 --> 00:53:14,953
枪支、病菌和钢铁背后的问题仍然和以往一样重要。
the questions behind guns, germs and
steel remain as important as they ever did.
578
00:53:16,703 --> 00:53:20,352
为什么我们的世界是贫富分化的，
Why is our world divided between rich and poor,
579
00:53:20,853 --> 00:53:25,201
我们如何才能改变它呢？
and how perhaps can we change it?
580
00:53:26,289 --> 00:53:28,694
我觉得不管我下半辈子做什么，
I feel that whatever I work on for the rest of my life,
581
00:53:28,977 --> 00:53:33,341
都不会像枪支、病菌和钢铁的问题这样迷人了，
I can never work on questions as fascinating
as the questions of guns, germs and steel,
582
00:53:33,342 --> 00:53:35,443
因为它们是人类历史上最大的问题。
because they're the biggest questions of human history.
583
00:53:36,444 --> 00:53:40,444
Sunpiny 翻译