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1532年11月的一天，新大陆和旧世界激烈碰撞
One day in November, 1532, the New World and the old world collided
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168名西班牙人袭击了秘鲁高地的
168 Spaniards attacked the imperial army of the Incas
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印加帝国军队。
in the highlands of Peru.
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这天结束之前，他们屠杀了7000人，
Before the day was out, they had massacred 7,000 people,
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控制了印加帝国。
and taken control of the Inca Empire.
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在这个过程中没有一个西班牙人丧生
Not a single Spanish life was lost in the process.
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为什么新旧世界间的力量如此不平衡？
Why was the balance of power so
uneven between Old World and New?
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为什么在接下来的几个世纪里，
And why, in the centuries that followed,
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欧洲人征服了全球那么多地方？
were Europeans the ones who
conquered so much of the globe?
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这些问题令贾里德·戴蒙德教授着迷
These are questions that fascinate Professor Jared Diamond.
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他在寻求了解控制力的根源，
He is on a quest to understand the roots of power,
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在最不可能的地方寻找线索。
searching for clues in the most unlikely places.
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他提出了很有独创性的理论
He's developed a highly original theory
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是土地本身决定了输赢：
that what separates the winners from the losers is the land itself:
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地理条件
Geography.
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是大陆的形状，
It was the shape of the continents,
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它们的农作物和动物
their crops and animals
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让一些文化繁荣，而另一些则落后。
that allowed some cultures to flourish, while others were left behind.
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但是，这种世界观是否能够揭示1532年的事件呢？
But can this way of seeing the world
shed light on the events of 1532?
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地理因素如何解释枪炮、病菌和钢铁
How can geography explain the conquest of the world
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对世界的征服？
by guns, germs and steel?
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第二部：征服
Titles: Episode 2: Conquest
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两年来，一群西班牙征服者
For two years, a band of Spanish conquistadors
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一直在寻找黄金和荣耀
has been traveling in search of gold and glory.
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他们不是职业军人，而是雇佣兵和冒险家，
They're not professional soldiers, but mercenaries and adventurers,
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由退休的陆军上尉弗朗西斯科·皮萨罗领带队。
led by a retired army captain, Francisco Pizarro.
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他已在中美洲的殖民地发了财。
He's already made a fortune for himself in the colonies of Central America.
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现在他带着手下向南，进入未知的地域。
Now he's taking his men south, into unknown territory.
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他们是首批登上安第斯山脉的欧洲人，
They are the first Europeans to have climbed the Andes,
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并且冒险深入南美洲大陆
and ventured this far into the continent of South America.
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旅行时他们发现了大型本土文明的证据
As they travel, they find evidence of a large native civilization.
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他们已经到达强大印加帝国的边缘。
They've reached the edge of the mighty Inca Empire.
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对印第安人和西班牙人来说，任何遭遇都是文化的冲突。
For Indians and Spaniards alike, any encounter is a clash of cultures.
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这些印第安人从未见过白人，
These Indians have never seen white men before,
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也不知道他们所代表的威胁。
and have no idea of the threat they represent.
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他们无法想象，几天之内，
They can't imagine that within a few days,
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这些陌生人会颠覆他们的世界
these strangers will turn their world upside down.
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到了15世纪30年代，印加帝国幅员辽阔
By the 1530s, the Inca Empire was enormous.
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它沿着安第斯山脉延伸，
It stretched along the length of the Andes,
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从现代的厄瓜多尔到智利中部，绵延2500英里。
from modern-day Ecuador to central Chile, a distance of 2,500 miles.
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但就在北面500英里处，
But just 500 miles to the north
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中美洲和加勒比殖民地
began the colonies of Central America and the Caribbean
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成为了西班牙帝国的宝贵财产。
prized possessions of the Spanish empire.
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当时，西班牙国王控制了三分之一欧洲大陆，
At the time, the Spanish king controlled a third of mainland Europe,
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而西班牙才成为统一的国家，
but Spain itself had only recently become a unified state,
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刚刚战胜了伊斯兰摩尔人700年的统治。
having fought off 700 years of occupation by Islamic Moors.
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它还是一个乡村型社会
It was still a rural society.
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征服者大多来自该国中部的村庄和小城镇
Most of the conquistadors came from villages
and small towns in the heart of the country;
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类似皮萨罗成长的特鲁希略小镇
towns like Trujillo, where Pizarro grew up.
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他童年的大部分时间都在这里度过，
He spent much of his childhood here,
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在附近的田地里当猪倌
working as a swineherd in the fields nearby.
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今天他作为一个伟大的战士而被铭记
Today he's remembered as a great warrior.
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他的雕像占据了特鲁希略的主要广场
His statue dominates the main square in Trujillo,
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他的家已经变成了博物馆
and his family home has been turned into a museum.
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贾里德·戴蒙德来到这里探索征服者的世界，
Jared Diamond has come here to explore the world of the conquistadors,
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了解他们成功的秘诀。
and understand the secret of their success.
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这是弗朗西斯科·皮萨罗，
This is Francisco Pizarro,
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就是这个西班牙人征服了新大陆最强大的国家，印加帝国，
a Spaniard who conquered the most powerful
state in the New World, the Inca Empire.
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为什么皮萨罗及其部下征服了印加帝国，而非相反呢？
Why did Pizarro and his men conquer the
Incas instead of the other way round?
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这似乎是个简单的问题
It seems like a simple question.
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答案并不明显
The answer isn't immediately obvious.
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毕竟，皮萨罗是个相当普通的人，
After all, Pizarro started out as a rather ordinary person,
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而特鲁希略也是一个相当普通的城镇
and Trujillo here is a rather ordinary town.
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是什么赋予了皮萨罗及其部下如此巨大的力量？
So what is it that gave Pizarro and his men this enormous power?
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为什么我对皮萨罗的征服者如此感兴趣？
Why am I so interested in Pizarro's conquistadors?
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因这是欧洲人征服世界的一个非常成功的例子。
Because their story is such a grimly
successful example of European conquest.
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30年来我一直在探索征服的模式。
And for 30 years I've been exploring patterns of conquest.
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贾里德·戴蒙德是加州大学洛杉矶分校的教授。
Jared Diamond is a professor at UCLA in Los Angeles.
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但他的大部分研究都是在巴布亚新几内亚完成的。
But most of his fi eldwork has been done in Papua New Guinea.
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他在那里的经历激励他去探索现代社会不平等的根源。
His time there inspired him to explore the
roots of inequality in the modern world.
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去理解为什么有些人能够支配和征服其他人。
To understand why some people have been
able to dominate and conquer others.
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回顾几千年来，
Looking back thousands of years,
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他认为农业是一个文化巨大的开端，
he argues that farming gave some
cultures an enormous head start,
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那些有幸拥有最高产农作物和动物的人
and those who were lucky enough to have
the most productive crops and animals
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成为最高产的农民。
became the most productive farmers.
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农业最早在中东一个被称为新月沃土的地区发展起来。
Agriculture first developed in a part of the
Middle East known as the Fertile Crescent.
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随着时间的推移，农作物和动物从新月沃土
Over time, crops and animals from the Fertile Crescent
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蔓延到北非和欧洲，
spread into North Africa and Europe,
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在那里引发了文明的爆炸。
where they triggered an explosion of civilization.
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到了16世纪，欧洲的农场的主要家畜
By the 16th Century, European farms were dominated
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都来自新月沃土地区。
by livestock animals that had come from the Fertile Crescent.
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没有欧洲本土原产的。
None were native to Europe.
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它们提供的不仅仅是肉食。
They provided more than just meat.
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也是牛奶、羊毛、皮革和肥料的来源。
They were a source of milk and wool, leather and manure.
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最关键的是，它们提供了肌肉力量。
And crucially, they provided muscle power.
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把马或牛套在犁上
Harnessed to a plough, a horse or an ox
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可以改变农田的生产力。
could transform the productivity of farmland.
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欧洲的农民能够生产更多的粮食来供养更多的人，
European farmers were able to grow more food to feed more people,
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这样就能建立更大、更复杂的社会。
who could then build bigger and more complex societies.
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在新大陆，没有马和牛进行农耕。
In the New World, there were no horses or cattle for farming.
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所有的工作都必须手工完成。
All the work had to be done by hand.
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唯一的大型家畜是大羊驼，
The only large domestic animal was
the llama, but these docile creatures
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但这些温顺的动物从来没有拉过犁。
have never been harnessed to a plough.
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印加人非常擅长种植土豆和玉米，
The Incas were very skilled at growing potatoes and corn,
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由于地理原因，印加人的生产能力远不如欧洲。
but because of their geography, they could
never be as productive as European farmers.
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马给了欧洲人另一个巨大的优势，
Horses gave Europeans another massive advantage,
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他们可以骑马。
they could be ridden.
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对印加人来说，皮萨罗的征服者
To the Incas, the sight of Pizarro's conquistadors
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踏过他们的土地很奇特。
passing through their land is extraordinary.
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他们以前从未见过有动物载人。
They've never seen people carried by their animals before.
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有些人认为他们是神，这些长相怪异的人，
Some think they are gods, these strange-looking men,
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半人半兽。
part human, part beast.
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在印加人看来如此奇特的马
The horses that seemed so exotic to the Incas
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在西班牙已4000年了。
had already been used in Spain for 4,000 years.
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在没有机动化交通的时代，
In an age before motorized transport,
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马匹可载人运动，
they allowed people to be mobile,
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控制自己的土地。
and control their land.
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当哈维尔·马丁不放牛时，他展示了传统的骑术。
When Javier Martin is not herding cattle, he
gives displays of traditional horsemanship.
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这种骑术被称为吉美塔
This style of riding is known as jimeta.
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重点是控制和操控性，
The emphasis is on control and maneuverability,
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用弯曲的膝盖夹住马的两侧，
using bent knees to grip the sides of the horse,
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只有单手握缰绳。
and only one hand on the reins.
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与中世纪骑士更为正式的风格截然不同。
Very different from the more formal style of medieval knights.
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到了16世纪，
By the 16th century,
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吉梅塔骑术已成为西班牙骑兵的主导风格。
the jimeta way of riding had become the
dominant style of the Spanish cavalry.
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这就是征服者骑马的方式。
This is how the conquistadors would have ridden their horses.
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一匹大动物被人控制的惊人表现，
It's an amazing display of a big animal being controlled by a person,
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精确控制、停止、启步和转弯。
precise control, stopping and starting and turning.
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哈维尔告诉我，他从五岁起就开始骑马，
Javier told me that he has been riding since he was five years old,
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当我看这个的时候，
and when I watched this,
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我对征服者发源地方有了更好的了解。
I have a better understanding where
the conquistadors were coming from.
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他们是这些骑术的大师，
They were masters of these techniques,
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在牧牛中学会了这些技艺，
and they learned these techniques for working with bulls,
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看得出，该技术也能很好地用于军事，
but the techniques were also good
in a military context as well,
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这种操控技术能你在开阔地冲击敌人。
and I can see that this control would
let you ride down people in the open.
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以前从来没见过马的人，
People who had never seen horses before
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看到这一切绝对都会被吓傻的。
would have been absolutely terrified watching this.
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这种奇怪又可怕的动物，
It would be strange and frightening,
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甚至其中一个正朝你冲过来，
and that's even before one of these
animals is rushing towards you,
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就要撞倒你，就要把刺死你。
riding you down, about to lance you and kill you.
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神一般的陌生人骑着四足动物的消息，
News of the godlike strangers on their four-legged animals
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由皇家信使传给了印加皇帝。
is taken by royal messenger to the emperor of the Incas,
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驻扎在秘鲁北部的卡哈马卡山谷，
who's camped in the valley of Cajamarca in northern Peru,
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那里有八万人的守卫军队。
guarded by an army of 80,000 men.
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阿塔哈尔帕被尊为永生神，是太阳之子。
Ataxalpa is revered as a living god, a son of the sun itself.
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他在卡哈马卡参加宗教静修，
He's in Cajamarca on a religious retreat,
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以答谢最近一系列的军事胜利。
giving thanks for a series of recent military triumphs.
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当他听说西班牙人到来时，
When he hears about the progress of the Spaniards,
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他选择不杀他们。
he chooses not to have them killed.
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相反，他发回了一个信息。
Instead, he sends back a message.
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他邀请他们尽快加入卡哈马卡。
He invites them to join him in Cajamarca, as quickly as possible.
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阿塔哈尔帕希望西班牙人来到卡哈马卡，落入陷阱，
Ataxalpa wanted the Spaniards to come
to Cajamarca and enter into a trap,
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并要确保他们会这样；
and to be sure that they would do so;
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和他们玩心理游戏，送礼物，请他们来。
he played like a psychological game with
them, sending presents, asking them to come.
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00:15:18,003 --> 00:15:20,458
阿塔哈尔帕知道西班牙人不是神
Ataxalpa knew that the Spaniards were not gods.
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00:15:24,144 --> 00:15:29,361
消息说他们脸上戴着羊毛
The intelligence reports speak of people wearing wool on their faces,
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00:15:29,721 --> 00:15:32,252
像羔羊或羊驼，他们就像动物
like a lamb or like an alpaca, they're just like an animal.
148
00:15:33,064 --> 00:15:38,112
他们从一处走到另一处，头上顶着小锅
Then they went from one place to the other wearing on top of their heads
149
00:15:38,877 --> 00:15:41,459
一个从来没用过做饭的小锅。
a little pot that has never been used for cooking.
150
00:15:44,461 --> 00:15:46,710
你带着锅走路一定是疯了，
You need to be crazy to walk with a pot,
151
00:15:47,963 --> 00:15:51,111
你一定无可救药了，你到了营地，
but you must be beyond salvation if you arrive to a camp
152
00:15:51,112 --> 00:15:53,659
却不用那个锅做饭。
and you don't use that pot to cook.
153
00:15:55,305 --> 00:15:58,110
阿塔哈尔帕认为这些是亚人类。
Ataxalpa had an idea that these were sub-humans.
154
00:16:01,254 --> 00:16:06,502
几个骑兵和百十来个的西班牙人能对强大的印加有影响？
What could a few horsemen and a hundred
or so Spaniards do to the powerful Inca?
155
00:16:07,709 --> 00:16:09,004
几乎毫无影响。
Virtually nothing.
156
00:16:13,847 --> 00:16:16,848
但阿塔哈尔帕的探子并没有意识到
But Ataxalpa's spies don't realize that the Spanish
157
00:16:17,081 --> 00:16:19,866
西班牙人拥有世界上最好的武器。
are armed with some of the best weapons in the world.
158
00:16:29,064 --> 00:16:32,459
在征服者时代，西班牙拥有欧洲最强大的军队，
At the time of the conquistadors,
Spain had the biggest army in Europe,
159
00:16:33,612 --> 00:16:36,660
由帝国首都托莱多指挥。
orchestrated from the imperial capital, Toledo.
160
00:16:40,064 --> 00:16:43,098
700多年来，西班牙人一直在战斗，
For more than 700 years the Spaniards had been at war,
161
00:16:44,961 --> 00:16:48,160
与摩尔人和其他欧洲军队作战。
fighting against the Moors and other European armies.
162
00:16:52,408 --> 00:16:53,863
在欧洲进行着军备竞赛。
There was an arms race in Europe.
163
00:16:55,348 --> 00:17:00,158
为了生存，西班牙人需要跟上最新的武器技术。
To survive, the Spaniards needed to keep
up with the latest in weapons technology.
164
00:17:06,959 --> 00:17:11,314
到了15世纪30年代，雅各布斯步枪是西班牙最重要的武库。
By the 1530s, the Jacobus was an important part of the Spanish arsenal.
165
00:17:13,440 --> 00:17:15,724
火药最初来自中国，
Gunpowder had originally come from China,
166
00:17:15,825 --> 00:17:19,609
但阿拉伯人首先把它用于武器。
but its use as a weapon was pioneered by the Arabs.
167
00:17:21,703 --> 00:17:25,408
在欧洲人手中，枪支变得更轻便，
In European hands, guns became lighter and more portable,
168
00:17:26,096 --> 00:17:29,909
枪支在战场上首次由步兵使用。
and were used for the first time by foot soldiers on the battlefield.
169
00:17:36,055 --> 00:17:41,460
雅各布斯步枪很原始，但它将改变战争的面貌。
The Jacobus was still a crude weapon, but
would go on to change the face of warfare.
170
00:17:41,644 --> 00:17:46,652
对我们现代人来说，这把枪似乎毫无用处，
To us, moderns, this gun doesn't seem useful for anything,
171
00:17:46,653 --> 00:17:48,460
就像个笑话。
it's like a joke.
172
00:17:48,897 --> 00:17:52,007
很难瞄准，重新装填时间长，
Its aim is terrible, it takes a long time to reload,
173
00:17:52,378 --> 00:17:55,553
当枪手重新装弹时，剑客能近身杀了他，
and while the shooter's reloading it
a swordsman would come in and kill him,
174
00:17:55,554 --> 00:17:59,095
但印加人还没发展到这一步，甚至这把枪，
but the Incas hadn't even gotten this far, and even this gun,
175
00:17:59,645 --> 00:18:03,657
它的声音，气味，烟雾，
with its sound and with the smell and with the smoke
176
00:18:03,658 --> 00:18:06,459
每隔一段时间，就有人被打死，
and with every now and then a person that it manages to kill,
177
00:18:06,876 --> 00:18:10,847
对一个从未见过的人来说非常恐怖，
would have been terrifying to someone who had never seen this before.
178
00:18:11,283 --> 00:18:14,656
这就是1532年呈现出的震惊和敬畏
This would have been shock and awe, 1532 style.
179
00:18:33,554 --> 00:18:37,908
尽管很吓人，火药技术仍处于初级阶段。
For all its bluster, the technology of gunpowder was still in its infancy.
180
00:18:39,504 --> 00:18:45,303
征服者的真正力量在于钢铁的生产。
The real power of the conquistadors lay
elsewhere, with the production of steel.
181
00:18:48,055 --> 00:18:50,941
托莱多有世界上最好的铸剑师。
Toledo had some of the best sword smiths in the world.
182
00:18:51,818 --> 00:18:55,555
但是为什么这里的人们能够制造致命的钢铁武器，
But why were people here able
to craft deadly steel weapons,
183
00:18:56,054 --> 00:18:59,657
而印加人仍然在制造简单的青铜工具呢？
while the Incas were still making simple bronze tools?
184
00:19:06,056 --> 00:19:09,206
欧洲人并没有天生的聪明才智
There was nothing innately brilliant about Europeans themselves
185
00:19:09,659 --> 00:19:12,708
使他们能够制造出高质量的剑。
that allowed them to be the ones to make high quality swords.
186
00:19:18,706 --> 00:19:23,096
和枪支一样，刀剑也是漫长试错的结果
Just as with guns, swords were the result of a long process of trial
187
00:19:23,298 --> 00:19:25,753
欧洲以外早就开始了。
and error that began outside Europe.
188
00:19:29,158 --> 00:19:33,211
7000年前在新月沃土就开始使用金属，
People started working with metal in
the Fertile Crescent 7,000 years ago,
189
00:19:34,502 --> 00:19:37,807
由于欧洲地理位置靠近新月沃土，
and because Europe is geographically
close to the Fertile Crescent,
190
00:19:38,192 --> 00:19:40,597
欧洲人继承了这种金属加工技术
Europeans inherited this metal technology.
191
00:19:46,255 --> 00:19:48,848
但他们把这项技术提升到了一个新的水平。
But they took this technology on to a new level.
192
00:19:50,347 --> 00:19:54,362
欧洲士兵需要更坚硬、更长、更锋利的剑。
European soldiers demanded stronger, longer, sharper swords.
193
00:19:57,909 --> 00:20:00,506
这就是托莱多剑完成后的样子。
This is what a Toledo sword looks like when it's finished.
194
00:20:00,908 --> 00:20:04,159
这把是模仿皮萨罗的佩剑。
This particular one is modeled
on the sword that Pizarro carried.
195
00:20:05,555 --> 00:20:06,907
这是件可怕的武器。
It's a fearsome weapon.
196
00:20:07,283 --> 00:20:10,807
它既可以用来刺杀，也可以用来砍人，
It's used for stabbing and it's also used for slashing,
197
00:20:11,285 --> 00:20:14,613
很容易就能理解持剑武士
and I can easily understand how the person wielding the sword
198
00:20:14,971 --> 00:20:17,555
在短时间内就能杀死数十人。
could kill dozens of people within a short time.
199
00:20:20,146 --> 00:20:21,471
像这样的剑，剑杆，
Swords like this, rapiers,
200
00:20:21,472 --> 00:20:26,596
代表了非常复杂的金属加工技术的巅峰
represented a high point in a very sophisticated metalworking technology.
201
00:20:28,659 --> 00:20:31,213
想想剑需要什么样的品质。
You think about what the qualities are that are needed in a sword.
202
00:20:31,678 --> 00:20:33,667
首先，它必须足够坚硬，
First of all, it has to be hard enough,
203
00:20:33,668 --> 00:20:36,257
金属必须足够坚硬才能形成锋利的边缘，
the metal has to be hard enough to take a sharp edge,
204
00:20:37,018 --> 00:20:40,954
这就要求是含碳的铁锻造成钢，
and that requires steel that is iron infused with carbon,
205
00:20:41,192 --> 00:20:45,004
你在铁中加入的碳越多，金属就越坚硬。
and the more carbon you put into the
iron, then the harder the metal is.
206
00:20:45,630 --> 00:20:46,995
但是如果过硬，
But if you make it too hard,
207
00:20:46,996 --> 00:20:50,961
那么它很脆，这就不好，因为当你击中某人时，
then it's brittle, and that's no good because as you hit somebody,
208
00:20:51,061 --> 00:20:52,233
你的剑会折断，
your sword would break,
209
00:20:52,234 --> 00:20:56,006
所以需要有一定的柔韧性，
and so you also need your sword to have a certain pliability,
210
00:20:56,317 --> 00:20:59,848
有弯曲和回弹的能力。
an ability to bend and spring back into shape.
211
00:21:02,761 --> 00:21:06,007
需要加热到一定温度，再浸入冷水中，
And it's got by heating it to certain
temperatures, plunging it into cold water,
212
00:21:06,473 --> 00:21:08,261
经过大量的实验，
immense amount of experimentation,
213
00:21:08,262 --> 00:21:11,049
花了几个世纪才日臻成熟
it took centuries to get to the level of sophistication
214
00:21:11,432 --> 00:21:17,207
得到这样细长、优雅、精致，致命的长剑。
where you could get something so long and
elegant and fine, and deadly as the rapier.
215
00:21:24,847 --> 00:21:29,096
这种剑有着超长的刀刃，作为决斗武器而开发，
The rapier, with its extra long blade,
was developed as a dueling weapon,
216
00:21:29,816 --> 00:21:32,305
在文艺复兴时期的欧洲非常流行
but became so fashionable in Renaissance Europe;
217
00:21:32,720 --> 00:21:35,863
成为有抱负绅士的首选佩剑
it was the sword of choice for any aspiring gentleman.
218
00:21:40,161 --> 00:21:44,409
"剑"这词汇来源于西班牙语"Espara Ropera"
The word rapier derives from the Spanish term "espara ropera"
219
00:21:44,610 --> 00:21:47,058
意思就是礼仪佩剑
and that means dress sword.
220
00:21:48,347 --> 00:21:49,964
在西班牙第一次看到，
And for the first time in Spain,
221
00:21:50,194 --> 00:21:54,057
人们穿着日常服装、便装，
we start to see people wearing the sword with their everyday clothing,
222
00:21:54,273 --> 00:21:56,963
在从事日常工作时佩剑。
their civilian dress, going about their everyday business.
223
00:21:56,964 --> 00:21:58,348
中世纪没有这样。
They didn't do that in the Middle Ages.
224
00:21:58,661 --> 00:22:03,863
这是16世纪的新事物，它宣告我来了，
This is something new in the 16th century, and it's saying I have arrived,
225
00:22:03,864 --> 00:22:04,759
我是绅士，
I am a gentleman,
226
00:22:04,760 --> 00:22:06,508
我的地位在上升，
I am upwardly mobile,
227
00:22:06,509 --> 00:22:11,256
我的祖先是来自中世纪的骑士。
and I claim ancestry from the knights of the Middle Ages.
228
00:22:12,658 --> 00:22:17,410
这在很大程度上是征服者贪婪的象征。
It was very much a symbol of the conquistador's aspiring greed.
229
00:22:18,535 --> 00:22:20,755
贪婪驱使他们度过所有艰难困苦，
The thing that drove them through all their hardships,
230
00:22:20,973 --> 00:22:26,098
对黄金的渴望驱使他们来到美洲，
the thing that made them go to the
Americas, was their lust for gold,
231
00:22:26,612 --> 00:22:29,235
是对自我发展的渴望，
their lust for self-advancement,
232
00:22:29,236 --> 00:22:32,647
而这把剑绝对象征那种……
and the rapier absolutely symbolized
233
00:22:32,648 --> 00:22:35,659
那种专横的贪婪。
that overbearing avarice.
234
00:22:43,255 --> 00:22:45,382
1532年11月15日，
On November 15th 1532,
235
00:22:45,383 --> 00:22:49,709
皮萨罗的探险队进入卡哈马卡山谷。
Pizarro's band of adventurers entered the valley of Cajamarca.
236
00:22:56,408 --> 00:22:59,003
他们被告知阿塔哈尔帕正在这里等他们。
They've been told that Ataxalpa is waiting for them here.
237
00:23:01,300 --> 00:23:03,818
但他们没有准备好迎接他们的那一幕。
But they're not prepared for the sight that greets them.
238
00:23:07,229 --> 00:23:11,610
在卡哈马卡镇以外的山丘上是印加帝国军队，
In the hills beyond the town of Cajamarca is the imperial Inca army,
239
00:23:11,611 --> 00:23:14,901
8万人全副武装。
80,000 men in full battle order.
240
00:23:22,229 --> 00:23:26,590
征服者自己的日记见证了他们的第一印象。
The conquistadors' own journals bear witness to their first impressions.
241
00:23:30,229 --> 00:23:33,031
他们的营地看起来像一座非常美丽的城市。
Their camp looked like a very beautiful city.
242
00:23:33,853 --> 00:23:38,689
在那之前，我们从未见过印第安人这样的阵容，这让我们胆寒，
We'd seen nothing like it in the Indies until then, and it scared us,
243
00:23:39,514 --> 00:23:42,440
因为我们的人数如此少，如此深入腹地。
because we were so few and so deep in this land.
244
00:23:49,230 --> 00:23:53,479
皮萨罗派了一队他最好的骑兵进入印加阵营的中心。
Pizzaro sends a party of his best horsemen into the heart of the Inca camp.
245
00:23:57,716 --> 00:23:59,434
他们由德索托上尉领导
246
00:24:05,465 --> 00:24:09,465
They are gambling that Ataxalpa will allow
them to pass through the camp unharmed,
他们赌阿塔哈尔帕会允许他们安然无恙地穿过营地，
They are led by Captain De Soto.
246
00:24:11,529 --> 00:24:12,729
并同意和他们见面
and agree to meet them.
247
00:24:17,622 --> 00:24:21,622
索托的来访有非常重要的心理目的；
Soto's visit had a very important psychological purpose;
248
00:24:23,122 --> 00:24:25,673
在他的人民面前恐吓印加皇帝。
to intimidate the Inca in front of his people.
249
00:24:27,282 --> 00:24:28,581
用马挑战他。
Challenging him with the horse.
250
00:24:36,622 --> 00:24:39,928
阿塔哈尔帕起初对索托的出现没有反应，
Ataxalpa at first didn't react to Soto's presence,
251
00:24:40,829 --> 00:24:44,434
好像没有人进入房间。
as if nobody had entered the room.
252
00:24:46,028 --> 00:24:50,331
这匹马与印加皇帝对视，
Once the, the horse comes eye to eye with the Inca,
253
00:24:50,432 --> 00:24:52,434
印加皇帝仍保持冷静，
the Inca is still calm,
254
00:24:53,340 --> 00:24:58,529
显示马对他没有影响，接受索托挑战。
showing that the horse has no impact on him, calling Soto's bluff.
255
00:25:01,503 --> 00:25:03,077
上尉走得很近，
The captain advanced so close
256
00:25:03,078 --> 00:25:07,652
马的鼻吸扰乱了印加皇帝的额头。
that the horse's nostrils disturbed the fringe of the Inca's forehead.
257
00:25:09,553 --> 00:25:11,802
但印加皇帝从未晃动。
But the Inca never moved.
258
00:25:17,448 --> 00:25:22,488
然后，在短暂的沉默之后，阿塔哈尔帕咆哮了。
And then, after a brief silence comes Ataxalpa's explosion.
259
00:25:29,912 --> 00:25:33,758
他告诉他们，你们现在该付出代价了
He was telling them, the time has come for you to pay.
260
00:25:35,102 --> 00:25:39,854
我理解是时间到了，是你们要付出生命代价的时候了。
I understand this as the time has
come for you to pay with your lives.
261
00:25:52,062 --> 00:25:57,914
索托怀着紧张和恐惧回去了
Soto I understand was nervous enough
to come back with fear to the, the camp,
262
00:25:58,381 --> 00:26:03,008
据我所知，西班牙人在极度的恐惧中度过了一个晚上
and as we know, the Spaniards spent
the night before in extreme fear.
263
00:26:15,463 --> 00:26:18,720
征服者在卡哈马卡镇扎营。
The conquistadors had made their camp in the town of Cajamarca.
264
00:26:22,116 --> 00:26:25,164
其中的许多人确信他们正遭受灭顶之灾。
Many of them are now convinced they are facing oblivion.
265
00:26:26,119 --> 00:26:30,641
168名士兵，距离其他西班牙人有1000英里之远，
168 soldiers, 1,000 miles from any other Spaniard,
266
00:26:30,642 --> 00:26:34,164
要面对着8万印加人的军队。
facing an army of 80,000 Incas.
267
00:26:37,120 --> 00:26:41,258
那天晚上我们几乎没睡，我们一直在在广场行走，
Few of us slept that night. We kept walking the square,
268
00:26:41,727 --> 00:26:44,310
从那里我们可以看到印第安军队的营火。
from where we could see the camp fires of the Indian army.
269
00:26:45,715 --> 00:26:50,164
这是一个可怕的景象，就像一个星光灿烂的夜晚。
It was a fearful sight, like a brilliantly star-studded night.
270
00:26:56,312 --> 00:27:01,872
皮萨罗和他最信任的军官们就如何对付阿塔哈尔帕展开了辩论。
Pizarro and his most trusted officers debate
their options for how to deal with Ataxalpa.
271
00:27:06,354 --> 00:27:07,562
一些人建议谨慎行事，
Some advise caution,
272
00:27:14,721 --> 00:27:17,373
这是过去成功的策略
It's a tactic that's worked successfully in the past.
273
00:27:22,413 --> 00:27:27,853
皮萨罗去秘鲁的12年前，另一位着名的征服者埃尔南·科尔特斯
Twelve years before Pizarro went to Peru,
another famous conquistador, Hernan Cortez,
274
00:27:28,125 --> 00:27:31,847
去了墨西哥，遇到了另一个强大的文明：
had gone to Mexico and encountered
another formidable civilization:
275
00:27:32,448 --> 00:27:33,970
阿兹特克人
the Aztecs.
276
00:27:35,822 --> 00:27:39,071
他通过绑架阿兹特克领导人和
He conquered the country by kidnapping the Aztec leader
277
00:27:39,072 --> 00:27:41,720
利用随之而来的混乱征服了这个国家
and exploiting the ensuing chaos.
278
00:27:46,463 --> 00:27:49,564
科尔特斯的故事后来出版，成为畅销书，
Cortez's story was later published and became a bestseller,
279
00:27:49,665 --> 00:27:52,965
成了有意成为征服者的手册
a handbook for any would-be conquistador.
280
00:27:53,866 --> 00:27:59,666
在西班牙北部萨拉曼卡大学的图书馆还能找到
It can still be found in the great library
of Salamanca University in Northern Spain.
281
00:28:04,604 --> 00:28:06,311
在个奇妙的图书馆
This wonderful library here
282
00:28:06,312 --> 00:28:11,219
也可以看作是阴谋诡计的储藏库，
can be thought of among other things as a repository of dirty tricks,
283
00:28:11,468 --> 00:28:14,566
因为在这些书中记载了，
because in these books are the accounts of what generals
284
00:28:14,567 --> 00:28:16,464
将领们在过去几千年里，
had been doing to other generals
285
00:28:16,758 --> 00:28:21,166
在欧亚大陆各地征伐的战例，
for thousands of years in the past and across much of Eurasia,
286
00:28:21,587 --> 00:28:26,667
图书馆里有个着名的记录，记载征服墨西哥的过程
and here from this library we have a
famous account of the conquest of Mexico
287
00:28:26,915 --> 00:28:31,523
详细记录了科尔特斯对阿兹特克人的征伐及成效。
with all the details of what Cortez did to the Aztecs and what worked.
288
00:28:32,010 --> 00:28:35,011
这是皮萨罗的榜样，提供了参考，
That was a model for Pizarro to give him ideas
289
00:28:35,012 --> 00:28:38,212
他知道要怎么针对印加人，
what exactly to try out on the Incas,
290
00:28:38,781 --> 00:28:44,512
而印加人没有文字，只有通过口口相传延续有限的知识，
whereas the Incas without writing, had only
local knowledge transmitted by oral memory,
291
00:28:44,822 --> 00:28:47,168
与西班牙人的文字记录相比，
and they were unsophisticated and naive
292
00:28:47,169 --> 00:28:49,914
印加人是纯朴和天真的。
compared to the Spaniards because of writing.
293
00:28:53,855 --> 00:28:57,917
但如果书籍如此有用，为什么印加人不能读或写呢？
But if books were so useful, why couldn't the Incas read or write?
294
00:29:04,718 --> 00:29:07,096
独立发展出新的书写系统
To develop a new system of writing independently
295
00:29:07,097 --> 00:29:09,274
是一个极其复杂的过程，
is an extremely complex process,
296
00:29:09,938 --> 00:29:12,479
在人类历史上很少发生
and has happened very rarely in human history.
297
00:29:14,717 --> 00:29:18,245
它最早是在5000年前由拥有新月沃土的
It was first achieved by the Sumerian people of the Fertile Crescent
298
00:29:18,246 --> 00:29:20,373
苏美尔人首次实现的。
at least 5,000 years ago.
299
00:29:21,875 --> 00:29:25,415
他们开创了一套复杂符号系统，被称为楔形文字
They pioneered an elaborate system of symbols called cuneiform,
300
00:29:26,280 --> 00:29:29,222
可能是记录农业交易的一种方式。
possibly as a way of recording farming transactions.
301
00:29:31,626 --> 00:29:36,714
从那以后，几乎欧亚的所有书面语言
Ever since, almost every other written
language of Europe and Asia has copied,
302
00:29:37,040 --> 00:29:41,263
都受楔形文字基础的复制、改编或启发。
adapted or simply been inspired by the basics of cuneiform.
303
00:29:47,012 --> 00:29:50,664
纸张、墨水和活字印刷术的发明
The spread of writing was helped enormously by the invention of paper,
304
00:29:50,665 --> 00:29:52,717
极大地促进了文字的传播，
ink and moveable type,
305
00:29:56,374 --> 00:29:58,915
这些发明都来自欧洲以外的地方，
innovations that all came from outside Europe
306
00:29:59,562 --> 00:30:02,572
但在中世纪被欧洲人利用，
but were seized upon by Europeans in the Middle Ages
307
00:30:02,855 --> 00:30:05,410
产生了知识的最终传播者：
to produce the ultimate transmitter of knowledge:
308
00:30:08,611 --> 00:30:10,165
印刷机
the printing press.
309
00:30:18,218 --> 00:30:22,822
书面文字现在可以迅速准确地传遍欧洲和亚洲。
The written word could now spread quickly
and accurately across Europe and Asia.
310
00:30:26,666 --> 00:30:30,825
没有写作的发展，是不可能发展出现代世界。
The modern world would be impossible
without the development of writing.
311
00:30:37,168 --> 00:30:38,590
但世界还有另一部分
But there's another part of the world
312
00:30:38,591 --> 00:30:42,212
独立发明出了一种新的书写系统。
where a new system of writing was invented independently.
313
00:30:43,916 --> 00:30:47,478
在至少2500年前的墨西哥南部，
In Southern Mexico, at least 2,500 years ago,
314
00:30:48,024 --> 00:30:50,844
当地人发展了一种玛雅文字，
native people developed a way of working with symbols
315
00:30:50,845 --> 00:30:53,264
一种用符号记录的模式。
that involved into the Mayan script.
316
00:30:56,374 --> 00:30:57,759
但如果玛雅人有文字，
But if the Maya had writing,
317
00:30:58,384 --> 00:31:02,723
为什么不向南传播到安第斯山脉，帮助印加人识字？
why didn't it spread south to the Andes
and help the Incas become literate?
318
00:31:09,513 --> 00:31:13,167
戴蒙德认为，答案在于大陆的形状
For Diamond, the answer lies
in the shape of the continents.
319
00:31:17,573 --> 00:31:22,345
这里是欧洲和亚洲组成的欧亚大陆，
Here were Europe and Asia forming the continent of Eurasia,
320
00:31:22,346 --> 00:31:23,917
一个巨大的大陆，
a giant continent
321
00:31:24,731 --> 00:31:28,276
但它从东向西伸展，从北向南变窄。
but it's stretched out from east to
west, and narrows from north to south.
322
00:31:29,266 --> 00:31:33,763
而美洲大陆南北长，东西窄，
The American continent is long from
north to south, narrow from east to west,
323
00:31:34,105 --> 00:31:38,775
在巴拿马非常狭窄，在那里不到100英里。
very narrow at Panama where it
narrows down to less than 100 miles.
324
00:31:39,790 --> 00:31:45,417
这两个大陆的长度大致相同，大约为8000英里，
The two continents are of the same lengths,
about 8,000 miles in maximum dimensions,
325
00:31:45,886 --> 00:31:48,572
不过欧亚大陆是从东到西为8000英里，
but Eurasia is 8,000 miles from east to west,
326
00:31:48,980 --> 00:31:51,919
美洲是从北到南为8000英里，
and the Americas are 8,000 miles from north to south,
327
00:31:52,340 --> 00:31:56,919
就好像这些大陆彼此旋转了90度。
it's as if these continents were
rotated 90 degrees of each other.
328
00:31:59,919 --> 00:32:02,515
戴蒙德已阐明，农作物和动物
Diamond has already shown that crops and animals
329
00:32:02,516 --> 00:32:06,512
可以轻易地在欧亚大陆的东西方向传播。
could spread easily east and west across Eurasia.
330
00:32:09,480 --> 00:32:13,972
因为同一纬度会享有相同的日长，
Because places the same latitude
automatically share the same day length
331
00:32:13,973 --> 00:32:16,322
具有相似的气候和植被。
and a similar climate and vegetation.
332
00:32:18,917 --> 00:32:22,128
但美洲大陆与欧亚大陆相反。
But the American continents were the opposite of Eurasia.
333
00:32:23,965 --> 00:32:28,969
从美洲一端到另一端的旅程是南北向，
A journey from one end of the Americas to
the other is a journey from north to south,
334
00:32:29,762 --> 00:32:33,325
经历不同的日长、不同的气候带
a journey through different day
lengths, different climate zones,
335
00:32:33,729 --> 00:32:36,029
以及截然不同的植被。
and dramatically different vegetation.
336
00:32:42,377 --> 00:32:47,667
这些基本差异阻碍了农作物和动物以及人和思想，
These basic differences hindered the spread
of crops and animals as well as people,
337
00:32:47,949 --> 00:32:49,918
还有技术的传播。
ideas and technologies.
338
00:32:54,560 --> 00:32:57,376
安第斯山脉的人长期与世隔绝，
The people of the Andes were chronically isolated,
339
00:32:58,090 --> 00:33:00,982
没有机会获得美洲其他地方的文字
without access to writing or almost any other innovation
340
00:33:00,983 --> 00:33:03,074
或其他创新。
from elsewhere in the Americas.
341
00:33:05,824 --> 00:33:10,074
相比之下，皮萨罗和他的部下有地理上的优势。
By contrast, Pizarro and his men were geographically blessed.
342
00:33:12,072 --> 00:33:15,378
作为西班牙人，他们享受着技术和思想带来的好处，
As Spaniards, they enjoyed the benefit of technologies
343
00:33:15,379 --> 00:33:19,014
这些技术和思想很容易在欧亚大陆传播开来。
and ideas that had spread easily across Eurasia.
344
00:33:24,417 --> 00:33:28,731
1532年的事件显然受到了深层次原因的影响，
The events of 1532 were clearly influenced by deep causes,
345
00:33:29,699 --> 00:33:33,231
西班牙人或印加人都不能够控制这些因素。
over which no individual Spaniard or Inca had any control.
346
00:33:36,826 --> 00:33:40,981
大陆的形状，动植物的分布，
The shape of the continents, the distribution of plants and animals,
347
00:33:41,542 --> 00:33:47,280
欧亚科技的传播，这些都是地理学的事实，
the spread of Eurasian technology, these were facts of geography,
348
00:33:49,269 --> 00:33:51,044
在几乎每一个转折点上，
and at almost every turn of the drama,
349
00:33:51,045 --> 00:33:54,220
地理上更偏向于欧洲人。
geography was tilted in favor of the Europeans.
350
00:34:43,456 --> 00:34:46,629
1532年11月16日上午
It's the morning of November 16th, 1532.
351
00:34:49,582 --> 00:34:53,267
阿塔哈尔帕同意在卡哈马卡镇会见西班牙人
Ataxalpa has agreed to meet the
Spaniards in the town of Cajamarca,
352
00:34:53,955 --> 00:34:56,114
他的随从走在他前面
and sends his entourage ahead of him.
353
00:35:00,113 --> 00:35:06,016
但他做出了一个致命的决定：士兵不应该携带武器
But he makes a fateful decision: that his soldiers should not carry weapons.
354
00:35:08,914 --> 00:35:10,706
印第安人是音乐家和舞蹈演员。
The Indians were musicians and dancers.
355
00:35:11,534 --> 00:35:13,048
他们是士兵，但没有带武器。
They were soldiers, but unarmed.
356
00:35:14,362 --> 00:35:17,455
为什么阿塔哈尔帕会让士兵不装备武器？
Why would Ataxalpa unarm his own soldiers?
357
00:35:18,113 --> 00:35:22,206
为什么呢，因为他在过节，他在庆祝。
Why, because he was in the festivity, he was celebrating.
358
00:35:22,601 --> 00:35:24,766
他不是去战斗
He wasn't going to war.
359
00:35:25,127 --> 00:35:28,708
他要去参加一个庆祝活动，以便全体人民都能看到
He was going for a celebration so that the whole people could see
360
00:35:28,955 --> 00:35:33,363
那些所谓的神是如何在恐惧中逃跑的。
how the alleged gods would run away in fear.
361
00:35:40,067 --> 00:35:42,956
事实上，有些人相信西班牙人是神，
The fact that some people believed that the Spaniards
362
00:35:42,957 --> 00:35:47,707
能让阿塔哈尔帕发挥得更好。
were gods would play better in the hands of Ataxalpa's purpose.
363
00:35:49,362 --> 00:35:51,788
如果我知道他们不是神，我打败了神，
If I know they are not gods and I defeat the gods,
364
00:35:51,789 --> 00:35:54,414
那么当然大家都会认可我。
then of course everybody will be with me.
365
00:35:54,954 --> 00:36:00,017
但是如果我不用武力击败了众神呢？
But what if I defeat the gods with no show of force at all?
366
00:36:00,510 --> 00:36:01,865
那我就超越了神
Then I am beyond the gods.
367
00:36:16,364 --> 00:36:21,915
阿塔哈尔帕和部下进入卡哈马卡时，西班牙人正躲在暗处等待
While Ataxalpa and his men enter Cajamarca,
the Spaniards are waiting, hidden from view.
368
00:36:24,916 --> 00:36:28,064
有五六千人，他们身后是阿塔哈尔帕，
There were five or 6,000 men and behind them,
369
00:36:28,065 --> 00:36:31,612
坐在一辆非常精致的轿子上，
the figure of Ataxalpa, seated in a very fine litter,
370
00:36:32,133 --> 00:36:35,457
上面衬托有羽毛，点缀着金银。
lined with feathers and embellished with gold and silver.
371
00:36:38,019 --> 00:36:41,115
我们中的很多人都被恐惧吓坏了
Many of us pissed ourselves out of sheer terror.
372
00:36:47,706 --> 00:36:50,936
广场上满是阿塔哈尔帕的人，
The square is filed with Ataxalpa's people,
373
00:36:50,937 --> 00:36:54,767
看不到一个西班牙人。
but there's, there's not one Spaniard at sight.
374
00:36:58,363 --> 00:37:00,618
阿塔哈尔帕问，“这些狗在哪里？”
Ataxalpa asks, 'Where are these dogs?'
375
00:37:01,448 --> 00:37:04,863
他的右相回答说，
One of his right hands answers,
376
00:37:04,864 --> 00:37:08,017
他们因为害怕宏伟的印加而逃跑了
'They have run away because they are afraid of magnificent Inca'
377
00:37:10,518 --> 00:37:15,070
当然，全场的人都听到了，相信事情就是这样。
Of course the whole crowd listened to
this and believed that this was the case.
378
00:37:16,823 --> 00:37:19,712
我以基督之名来到你面前
I come before you in the name of Christianity...
379
00:37:20,111 --> 00:37:23,714
皮萨罗派出牧师去面对阿塔哈尔帕
Pizarro sends out his priest to confront Ataxalpa.
380
00:37:24,152 --> 00:37:26,371
向你展示真理的道路
...to show you the path of truth
381
00:37:26,453 --> 00:37:29,959
征服者有义务在诉诸暴力之前
The conquistadors are obliged to try and convert native people
382
00:37:29,960 --> 00:37:32,465
设法改变当地人的信仰。
before any resort to violence.
383
00:37:33,109 --> 00:37:35,026
你在说什么，毛脸？
What are you talking about hair face?
384
00:37:36,778 --> 00:37:40,214
我是太阳之子！
I am the Son of the Sun!
385
00:37:41,417 --> 00:37:43,558
我有权管理我的臣民
I have the right to govern my people
386
00:37:44,873 --> 00:37:47,126
你何德何能这样对我说话？
What right do you have to speak to me in this way?
387
00:37:49,024 --> 00:37:52,021
我的权威来自上帝
My authority comes from The Lord
388
00:37:52,086 --> 00:37:54,622
他的话写在这本书上
His Word is written in this book
389
00:38:03,078 --> 00:38:04,924
这就是你的力量？
This is your power?
390
00:38:06,120 --> 00:38:10,713
阿塔哈尔帕以前从未见过书，他不知道该怎么办
He doesn't know what to do with it.
Ataxalpa has never seen a book before.
391
00:38:15,716 --> 00:38:19,714
它毫无价值
It's worthless
392
00:38:21,229 --> 00:38:24,173
我看不到你说的这些话
I don't hear the word you speak of
393
00:38:26,173 --> 00:38:27,824
你怎么敢，印第安狗！
How dare you, Indian dog!
394
00:38:28,229 --> 00:38:30,123
出来，西班牙人！
Come out, Spaniards!
395
00:38:30,124 --> 00:38:32,775
消灭这些不尊重上帝的狗
Destroy these dogs who don't respect things of God!
396
00:38:41,465 --> 00:38:45,594
在那一刻，人群毫无准备，
At that moment, with the crowd absolutely unprepared,
397
00:38:45,595 --> 00:38:47,923
战马进来了。
the horses come.
398
00:38:49,214 --> 00:38:51,174
一片恐慌
There was massive panic.
399
00:38:58,623 --> 00:39:00,675
想象一下卡哈马卡的场景
Just imagine the scene in Cajamarca.
400
00:39:01,057 --> 00:39:04,026
印加人以前没有见过马，这些马也不是普通的马，
The Incas hadn't seen horses before, and these aren't ordinary horses,
401
00:39:04,247 --> 00:39:08,560
这些是西班牙马，凶猛，巨大，是战马。
these are Spanish horses, fierce, big, fighting horses.
402
00:39:09,778 --> 00:39:10,696
他们可以冲入人群，
They could get in amongst men,
403
00:39:10,697 --> 00:39:13,215
他们可以践踏人群，是绝佳的战斗平台
they would trample men and they
made the most excellent platform.
404
00:39:13,527 --> 00:39:18,425
在马身上，你可以左冲右刺，
From the horse, you could stab down
to the left, stab down to the right,
405
00:39:18,674 --> 00:39:22,214
你可以砍，你可以切，任由劈砍
you could cut, you could scythe, hacking all about you.
406
00:39:27,778 --> 00:39:31,215
如果印加人知道对付骑兵要站稳脚跟，
If only the Incas had known that what you
had to do against cavalry was stand firm,
407
00:39:31,623 --> 00:39:34,527
那就没事了，他们的人数占优，但他们不知道
then they'd have been alright, they had
superior numbers, but they didn't know that.
408
00:39:34,832 --> 00:39:36,548
他们慌不择路，队伍散乱，
They fled, they broke ranks,
409
00:39:36,549 --> 00:39:40,465
然后骑兵就可以冲进他们中间，砍倒他们。
and then the horsemen could get in
amongst them and they cut them down.
410
00:39:50,872 --> 00:39:52,869
印加人有个叫韦拉卡的神，
There was an Inca god called Viracoxa,
411
00:39:52,870 --> 00:39:56,467
他是一个白人，他是雷神，
and he was a white man, and he was the god of thunder,
412
00:39:56,748 --> 00:39:58,809
他们认为这些带鸟铳的人
and they thought these men with their aquabuses
413
00:39:58,810 --> 00:40:01,871
正是韦拉卡的化身。
were the very incarnation of Viracoxa.
414
00:40:11,874 --> 00:40:15,966
印加皇帝阿塔哈尔帕坐在轿子里，由轿夫扛着
The Inca Ataxalpa was in his litter, held by his carriers.
415
00:40:18,966 --> 00:40:21,833
一有机会，西班牙人就去追轿子
As soon as they were able to do it,
the Spaniards went after the litter.
416
00:40:23,329 --> 00:40:25,901
并杀死轿夫
And they started killing the carriers.
417
00:40:26,102 --> 00:40:29,674
一个轿夫倒下，马上就有另一个取代他
One carrier would fall, and another one would replace him.
418
00:40:34,834 --> 00:40:38,622
直到悲剧将近，将近结束时
Only at the very, very, very end of the tragedy,
419
00:40:40,122 --> 00:40:43,926
轿子才开始晃动，因为没有更多的轿夫了。
the litter started to move because
there were no more carriers left.
420
00:40:52,424 --> 00:40:56,176
当轿子落下时，皮萨罗亲自抓住了阿塔哈尔帕。
As the litter falls, Pizarro himself captures Ataxalpa.
421
00:41:00,126 --> 00:41:01,926
完美实现了他的计划
His plan has worked to perfection.
422
00:41:13,123 --> 00:41:17,217
阿塔哈尔帕被带到卡哈马卡皇家住所的临时监狱
Ataxalpa is taken to a makeshift prison
in the royal quarters at Cajamarca.
423
00:41:20,123 --> 00:41:23,684
他以为我们会杀了他，但我们告诉他，不会。
He thought we were going to kill him, but we told him, no.
424
00:41:24,249 --> 00:41:26,780
基督徒只在激战中杀人。
Christians only kill in the heat of the battle.
425
00:41:40,529 --> 00:41:43,029
外面，成千上万的印加人死了
Outside, thousands of Incas are dead.
426
00:41:44,833 --> 00:41:47,330
其余的军队已撤退到山上
The rest of the army has retreated to the hills.
427
00:41:51,127 --> 00:41:54,625
尽管在数量上差距悬殊，西班牙的战马
In spite of a massive imbalance in number, Spanish horses,
428
00:41:55,113 --> 00:41:58,718
利剑和战略已被证明是决定性的。
swords and strategy have proved decisive.
429
00:42:02,968 --> 00:42:06,877
但西班牙人还有一件武器，连他们自己都不知道
But the Spaniards possessed another weapon
they didn't even know they had,
430
00:42:08,330 --> 00:42:13,127
一种大杀器正在悄无声息地杀过来
a weapon of mass destruction that
had marched invisibly ahead of them.
431
00:42:20,426 --> 00:42:26,128
今天，对抗传染病的战争在英格兰南部的
Today, the war against infectious disease
is waged at biological research centers
432
00:42:26,129 --> 00:42:28,217
波尔顿这样的生物研究中心展开。
like Porton Down in Southern England.
433
00:42:30,778 --> 00:42:34,625
他们在此生产疫苗以对抗世界上最致命的病毒
They produce vaccines here against the world's deadliest viruses.
434
00:42:39,466 --> 00:42:42,281
在16世纪，没有疫苗，
In the 16th century there were no vaccines,
435
00:42:42,938 --> 00:42:46,937
也没有办法预防传染病的蔓延。
and there was no protection from the
rampant spread of infectious disease.
436
00:42:54,300 --> 00:42:59,718
皮萨罗抵达卡哈马卡的12年前，一艘西班牙船只驶往墨西哥
Twelve years before Pizarro arrived at
Cajamarca, a Spanish ship sailed to Mexico.
437
00:43:07,833 --> 00:43:11,874
在船上，一个奴隶刚开始生病发烧
On board, one of the slaves was
suffering from the first signs of a fever.
438
00:43:18,031 --> 00:43:21,936
他是第一个给美洲大陆带来致命疾病的人
He was the first person to bring a
deadly disease to the American mainland.
439
00:43:23,375 --> 00:43:25,328
这种疾病是天花
The disease was smallpox.
440
00:43:28,987 --> 00:43:33,030
几周内，天花病毒将从单一来源传播，
Within weeks, the smallpox virus
would spread from a single source
441
00:43:33,502 --> 00:43:35,966
感染成千上万的美洲原住民
to infect thousands of native Americans.
442
00:43:37,926 --> 00:43:40,826
天花在你吸入颗粒物时进入体内，
Smallpox gets into the body when
you breathe in the particles,
443
00:43:41,332 --> 00:43:44,928
它们附着在你的喉咙后部和肺的内部
and they attach themselves to the back of
your throat and the inside of your lungs.
444
00:43:46,333 --> 00:43:49,625
大约在两到三天发病，典型的皮疹就出现了，
About two to three days into the
illness, then the classic rash appears,
445
00:43:50,404 --> 00:43:54,076
最坏时会遍布全身，长满丘疹，
and in its worst forms, this
takes over the whole of the body
446
00:43:54,342 --> 00:43:57,780
然后长出巨大的水泡，布满整个皮肤，
with initially pimples and then enormous
blisters until the whole of the skin,
447
00:43:58,363 --> 00:44:00,172
从手和脸开始，
starting with the hands and the face and then
448
00:44:00,173 --> 00:44:01,982
然后向下蔓延到全身，
spreading down to cover the rest of the body,
449
00:44:02,816 --> 00:44:06,126
全身都是天花水泡
is taken over by the smallpox blisters.
450
00:44:10,125 --> 00:44:12,427
从这时起，病人有极强的传染性。
From that time on, the patient is highly infectious.
451
00:44:13,686 --> 00:44:17,217
因为每一个水泡都充满了天花颗粒，
Because each of those blisters is packed full of smallpox particles,
452
00:44:17,655 --> 00:44:20,125
如果水泡破裂，液体流出，
then if you burst a blister, fluid will come out
453
00:44:20,592 --> 00:44:23,779
大量病毒就扩散开来
and large numbers of viruses will
be spilt onto whatever it touches.
454
00:44:31,280 --> 00:44:34,626
十到十二天后，他的朋友会生病
Ten to twelve days later, his friends would be taken ill,
455
00:44:35,186 --> 00:44:37,388
再十到十二天后，他们的朋友也会生病
and then ten to twelve days after that, their friends.
456
00:44:39,238 --> 00:44:41,737
这种速度意味着疾病呈指数级传播。
That kind of rate means the disease spreads exponentially.
457
00:44:42,459 --> 00:44:46,336
增长速度越来越快，越来越多的人被感染，
Its rate of increase gets bigger and bigger
and bigger the more people are infected,
458
00:44:46,741 --> 00:44:50,782
直到最后，它将造成巨大的人口破坏。
until eventually it will cause
tremendous devastation in the population.
459
00:44:55,688 --> 00:45:00,335
新大陆的第一次天花流行席卷了中美洲，
The first smallpox epidemic of the
New World swept through Central America
460
00:45:00,578 --> 00:45:02,086
并蔓延到印加帝国
and reached the Inca Empire.
461
00:45:06,030 --> 00:45:09,968
无论疾病到哪里，病毒都会毁灭当地居民，
Wherever it went, the virus decimated native populations,
462
00:45:10,344 --> 00:45:13,218
使他们更容易成为西班牙征服的猎物
making them easier prey for Spanish conquest.
463
00:45:18,529 --> 00:45:20,937
但为什么病毒这么一边倒？
But why were the germs so one-sided?
464
00:45:24,438 --> 00:45:27,533
为什么西班牙人把疾病传染给印加人，
Why did the Spaniards pass their diseases onto the Incas,
465
00:45:27,534 --> 00:45:29,628
而不是反过来？
and not the other way around?
466
00:45:34,125 --> 00:45:36,950
这是皮萨罗的秘密武器；
This is Pizarro's secret weapon;
467
00:45:36,951 --> 00:45:41,375
猪和牛，绵羊和山羊，家畜。
pigs and cows, sheep and goats, domestic animals.
468
00:45:41,656 --> 00:45:43,782
别忘了皮萨罗是个猪倌。
Remember that Pizarro was a swineherd.
469
00:45:44,156 --> 00:45:49,084
他在这样的棚屋里长大，与家畜亲密接触，
He grew up in huts like this, in
intimate contact with domestic animals,
470
00:45:49,085 --> 00:45:52,587
吸入家畜的病菌，喝带菌的牛奶，
breathing in their germs,
drinking the germs in their milk,
471
00:45:52,906 --> 00:45:55,322
从家畜的病菌进化而来的，
and it was from the germs of domestic animals
472
00:45:55,323 --> 00:45:59,739
是对人类致命的传染病
that the killer diseases of humans evolved,
473
00:46:00,023 --> 00:46:05,627
比如流感就是起源于猪，并通过鸡鸭传播。
for example our 'Flu evolved from a disease
of pigs transmitted via chickens and ducks.
474
00:46:06,146 --> 00:46:11,584
麻疹来自牛；天花来自家畜，
We acquired measles from cattle; we
acquired smallpox from domestic animals,
475
00:46:11,906 --> 00:46:17,376
这些人类最可怕的杀手是我们与心爱的家畜
so that these worst killers of human people were a legacy of 10,000 years of contact
476
00:46:17,687 --> 00:46:19,280
接触一万年后留下的遗产
with our beloved domestic animals.
477
00:46:26,890 --> 00:46:27,910
在中世纪，
During the Middle Ages,
478
00:46:27,911 --> 00:46:32,530
传染病席卷欧洲，夺去了数百万人的生命
infectious diseases swept through
Europe and claimed millions of lives.
479
00:46:37,335 --> 00:46:42,033
矛盾的是，反复的流行病反而使欧洲人更具适应能力
But paradoxically, repeated epidemics
made Europeans more resilient.
480
00:46:45,884 --> 00:46:46,930
每次爆发，
In each outbreak,
481
00:46:46,931 --> 00:46:48,554
总有一些人在基因上
there were always some people
482
00:46:48,555 --> 00:46:51,577
能更好地抵抗病毒
who were genetically better able to fight off the virus.
483
00:46:54,240 --> 00:46:57,239
这些人就能幸存，并繁育后代
These people were more likely to survive and have children.
484
00:46:58,440 --> 00:47:01,584
在这个过程中，会遗传抗病性
In the process, they'd pass on their genetic resistance.
485
00:47:04,829 --> 00:47:07,531
几个世纪以来，整个人口获得了
Over centuries, whole populations acquired
486
00:47:07,804 --> 00:47:11,830
一定程度的保护，以防止天花等疾病的扩散，
some degree of protection against
the spread of diseases like smallpox
487
00:47:13,377 --> 00:47:15,584
这是印加人从未获得的保护。
a protection the Incas never had.
488
00:47:20,783 --> 00:47:22,187
一旦天花被带到新大陆，
Once smallpox was taken to the New World,
489
00:47:22,846 --> 00:47:25,374
在新大陆从来没有人得过这样的疾病，
nobody in the New World had ever seen a disease like this before,
490
00:47:25,647 --> 00:47:27,837
所以易感人群要大得多。
so the number of people who were susceptible was much greater.
491
00:47:28,437 --> 00:47:31,243
没有自然免疫力，因此，
There was no natural immunity, and
so therefore the number of people
492
00:47:31,515 --> 00:47:33,628
感染疾病然后传播的人数，
who could both contract the disease and then spread it,
493
00:47:34,140 --> 00:47:36,640
以及感染后再扩散，受感染的人数要高得多
and the number of people to receive
it once it had spread, was much higher.
494
00:47:39,427 --> 00:47:40,453
更多的人会死，
More people would die,
495
00:47:40,454 --> 00:47:42,879
更多的人会在第一时间被感染。
and more people would be susceptible
to catch it in the first place.
496
00:47:43,407 --> 00:47:45,695
它将迅速蔓延到整个人口中，
It would spread rapidly throughout the population,
497
00:47:45,696 --> 00:47:47,583
死亡人数也是巨大的
and the death toll would be enormous.
498
00:47:54,625 --> 00:47:57,991
为什么美洲原住民以前没有遇到过天花？
Why hadn't Native Americans encountered smallpox before?
499
00:48:00,721 --> 00:48:05,079
为什么他们没有致命疾病传给西班牙人呢？
And why didn't they have any deadly diseases
of their own to pass on to the Spaniards?
500
00:48:08,627 --> 00:48:12,689
只是因为他们和家畜没有同样的接触史。
It's simply because they didn't have the
same history of contact with farm animals.
501
00:48:15,531 --> 00:48:19,739
印加人有羊驼，但羊驼不像欧洲的牛羊。
The Incas had llamas, but llamas aren't like European cows and sheep.
502
00:48:20,316 --> 00:48:22,937
它们没有挤奶，也没有大群饲养，
They're not milked, they're not kept in large herds,
503
00:48:23,282 --> 00:48:26,345
也没有住在人类旁边的谷仓和棚屋里。
and they don't live in barns and huts alongside humans.
504
00:48:30,094 --> 00:48:33,734
羊驼和人类之间没有明显的细菌交换。
There was no significant exchange
of germs between llamas and people.
505
00:48:38,629 --> 00:48:40,034
戴蒙德论点的关键
The key to Diamond's argument
506
00:48:40,035 --> 00:48:43,440
是世界各地家畜的分布
is the distribution of farm animals around the world.
507
00:48:45,339 --> 00:48:46,365
除了羊驼，
Aside from the llama,
508
00:48:46,366 --> 00:48:50,991
所有的大型家畜都原产于欧亚大陆和北非
all the large farm animals were
native to Eurasia and North Africa.
509
00:48:52,442 --> 00:48:58,240
在北美、撒哈拉以南非洲或澳大利亚，从来没有驯化过
None was ever domesticated in North
America, Sub-Saharan Africa, or Australia.
510
00:48:59,686 --> 00:49:00,612
结果是，
As a result,
511
00:49:00,613 --> 00:49:05,439
最严重的传染病也起源于欧亚大陆和北非，
the worst epidemic diseases were also
native to Eurasia and North Africa,
512
00:49:06,282 --> 00:49:09,783
然后传播到世界各地，产生致命的影响。
and were then spread around the world with deadly effect.
513
00:49:17,891 --> 00:49:20,743
关于西班牙征服新大陆的过程中
There's been a long debate about the number of indigenous people
514
00:49:21,088 --> 00:49:23,690
死去土着的数量，人们争论了很久。
who died in the Spanish conquest of the New World.
515
00:49:25,338 --> 00:49:29,845
一些学者认为，可能有2000万美洲原住民，
Some scholars think there may have been a
population of 20 million Native Americans,
516
00:49:30,533 --> 00:49:36,380
其中绝大多数，也许95%是死于旧大陆的疾病。
and the vast majority, perhaps 95%,
were killed by Old World diseases.
517
00:49:37,783 --> 00:49:40,783
一个原住民几乎灭绝的大陆。
A continent virtually emptied of its people.
518
00:49:54,990 --> 00:49:59,589
经历被俘后的最初震惊，阿塔哈尔帕成为合作囚犯。
After the initial shock of his capture,
Ataxalpa became a cooperative prisoner.
519
00:50:01,688 --> 00:50:05,086
他学会了说西班牙语，还和看守下棋。
He learned to speak Spanish, and play chess with his captors.
520
00:50:14,880 --> 00:50:18,531
西班牙人意识到他活着比死更有用。
The Spaniards realized he was more
useful to them alive than dead.
521
00:50:20,831 --> 00:50:23,379
他被允许在监狱里重建宫庭。
He was allowed to re-establish his court in prison,
522
00:50:24,189 --> 00:50:27,628
只要他命令臣民接受西班牙的统治，
as long as he ordered his people to accept Spanish rule.
523
00:50:32,595 --> 00:50:35,742
他还命令他们融化大量的宝藏。
He also ordered them to melt down a vast amount of treasure.
524
00:50:38,993 --> 00:50:43,141
皮萨罗向阿塔哈尔帕许诺，黄金以换取自由
Pizarro had promised Ataxalpa his freedom in return for the gold.
525
00:50:46,878 --> 00:50:49,033
事实证明这是一个空头承诺。
It proved to be an empty promise.
526
00:50:54,692 --> 00:50:57,711
交出了20吨金银后，
Having handed over 20 tons of gold and silver,
527
00:50:57,712 --> 00:51:01,930
阿塔哈尔帕再有用了。
Ataxalpa was no longer useful to his captors.
528
00:51:12,839 --> 00:51:17,494
他被绞死，在同一个广场上，
He was garrotted to death, in the same
square where so many of his followers
529
00:51:17,755 --> 00:51:20,439
他的众多追随者在八个月前被屠杀
had been slaughtered eight months earlier.
530
00:51:26,444 --> 00:51:31,035
随着阿塔哈尔帕的死亡，征服者继续殖民秘鲁的剩余地区。
With Ataxalpa dead, the conquistadors
went on to colonize the rest of Peru.
531
00:51:32,940 --> 00:51:36,689
依靠他们的枪炮、病菌和钢铁的力量
Relying on the power of their guns, germs and steel.
532
00:51:45,941 --> 00:51:50,337
殖民地的黄金被带回西班牙南部的塞维利亚
Gold from the Spanish colonies was
brought back to Seville in Southern Spain.
533
00:51:53,035 --> 00:51:57,742
今天瓜多克雷塔河不再忙碌，但在16世纪，
There's little activity in the Guadocreata
River today, but in the 16th century,
534
00:51:58,128 --> 00:52:01,744
这里是世界上最重要、最繁忙的港口之一。
this was among the most important,
busiest ports in the world.
535
00:52:04,880 --> 00:52:09,035
源源不断的从美洲运来财宝的船只
A steady fl ow of ships carrying
treasure from the Americas helped Spain
536
00:52:09,306 --> 00:52:11,443
帮助西班牙成为地球上最富有的国家之一
become one of the richest nations on earth.
537
00:52:14,287 --> 00:52:16,636
征服者永远地改变了
The conquistadors had changed forever
538
00:52:16,637 --> 00:52:20,785
新旧大陆间的关系。
the relationship between Old World and New.
539
00:52:22,943 --> 00:52:24,881
我来西班牙是想解答一个问题，
I came to Spain to answer a question,
540
00:52:25,315 --> 00:52:29,587
为什么皮萨罗和他的部下征服了印加人，而不是反过来呢？
why did Pizarro and his men conquer the
Incas instead of the other way around?
541
00:52:30,382 --> 00:52:34,847
有一个完整的神话说，征服和欧洲扩张是因为
There's a whole mythology that that conquest
and the European expansion in general
542
00:52:35,182 --> 00:52:37,313
欧洲人特别勇敢、大胆、
resulted from Europeans themselves
543
00:52:37,314 --> 00:52:41,244
或聪明、有创造力的结果，
being especially brave or bold or inventive or smart,
544
00:52:41,597 --> 00:52:46,287
但答案却与欧洲个人的素质无关
but the answers turn out to have nothing to
do with any personal qualities of Europeans.
545
00:52:46,691 --> 00:52:51,088
是的，皮萨罗和他的人很勇敢，但是印加人也不缺
Yeah, Pizarro and his men were brave,
but there were plenty of brave Incas.
546
00:52:51,713 --> 00:52:54,693
相反，欧洲人是偶然的征服者。
Instead, Europeans were accidental conquerors.
547
00:52:55,348 --> 00:52:57,871
凭借地理位置和历史，
By virtue of their geographic location and history,
548
00:52:58,745 --> 00:53:01,630
他们是第一批获得枪支、病菌和钢铁的人。
they were the first people to acquire guns, germs and steel.
549
00:53:08,877 --> 00:53:13,196
到19世纪末，欧洲列强的征服已不限于美洲，
By the end of the 19th century,
European powers had ventured down
550
00:53:14,072 --> 00:53:18,283
殖民非洲、澳大利亚和亚洲大部分地区。
the Americas and colonized Africa, Australia and much of Asia.
551
00:53:22,631 --> 00:53:27,494
从卡哈马卡开始的进程已经得出了合乎逻辑的结论。
The process that began at Cajamarca
had reached its logical conclusion.
552
00:53:31,745 --> 00:53:37,691
欧洲的枪炮、病菌和钢铁正在重塑世界
European guns, germs and steel were reshaping the world.
553
00:53:45,692 --> 00:53:49,692
Sunpiny 翻译