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现代史是由征服而形成的
Modern history has been shaped by conquest
2
00:00:19,983 --> 00:00:22,533
欧洲人征服世界
the conquest of the world by Europeans.
3
00:00:29,670 --> 00:00:31,585
西班牙征服者带头
The Conquistadors led the way.
4
00:00:33,332 --> 00:00:38,034
几百人来到新大陆，屠杀当地居民
A few hundred men came to the New World and
decimated the native population.
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00:00:40,422 --> 00:00:41,879
他们成功的秘密？
The secret of their success?
6
00:00:43,422 --> 00:00:44,208
枪炮
Guns,
7
00:00:44,574 --> 00:00:45,465
病菌
Germs
8
00:00:46,358 --> 00:00:47,453
和钢铁
and Steel.
9
00:00:49,383 --> 00:00:53,266
从从此，欧洲血统的人主宰全球，
Ever since, people of European origin have dominated the globe,
10
00:00:54,936 --> 00:00:57,078
伴随着军事力量，也带来了
with the same combination of military power,
11
00:00:58,421 --> 00:00:59,503
致命微生物
lethal microbes
12
00:00:59,604 --> 00:01:01,786
和先进的技术
and advanced technology.
13
00:01:04,985 --> 00:01:07,830
但他们最初是如何发展这些优势的呢？
But how did they develop these advantages in the first place?
14
00:01:14,837 --> 00:01:17,046
为什么世界变得如此不平等？
Why did the world ever become so unequal?
15
00:01:20,996 --> 00:01:23,500
贾里德·戴蒙德教授提出了这些问题
These are questions that Professor Jared Diamond
16
00:01:23,837 --> 00:01:26,291
他花了30多年试图回答
has spent more than 30 years trying to answer.
17
00:01:29,297 --> 00:01:31,650
作为当代最独立的一位思想家，
One of the most original thinkers of our age,
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00:01:32,152 --> 00:01:34,901
戴蒙德周游世界寻找线索。
Diamond has traveled the world looking for clues.
19
00:01:40,452 --> 00:01:42,247
他给自己定下了一项艰巨的任务，
He set himself a daunting task
20
00:01:43,400 --> 00:01:45,453
要把历史层层剥开，
to peel back the layers of the past,
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探索现代世界强权的根源。
and explore the very roots of power in the modern world.
22
00:01:51,932 --> 00:01:53,798
无论我的余生从事什么工作，
Whatever I work on for the rest of my life,
23
00:01:54,026 --> 00:01:57,745
都没有"枪炮、病菌和钢铁"问题让人着迷，
I can never work on questions as
fascinating as the questions of guns,
24
00:01:57,997 --> 00:02:00,338
因为它们是人类历史上最大的问题。
germs and steel, because they are the
biggest questions of human history.
25
00:02:03,399 --> 00:02:05,899
是什么分化了穷富？
What separates the haves from the have nots?
26
00:02:07,452 --> 00:02:09,854
枪炮、病菌和钢铁
How have guns, germs and steel
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00:02:10,276 --> 00:02:12,203
是如何塑造世界历史的？
shaped the history of the world?
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00:02:31,998 --> 00:02:35,449
第一部：出伊甸园
Titles: Episode 1: Out of Eden
29
00:02:55,298 --> 00:02:59,151
在巴布亚新几内亚的雨林，贾里德·戴蒙德
Jared Diamond request to uncover the roots of inequality began
30
00:02:59,401 --> 00:03:01,088
开始寻求不平等的根源
in the rainforests of Papua New Guinea.
31
00:03:15,401 --> 00:03:17,901
戴蒙德是加州大学洛杉矶分校的教授。
Diamond is a professor at UCLA in Los Angeles.
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00:03:19,026 --> 00:03:22,839
他是生物学家，专长人类生理学。
He's a biologist by training, a specialist in human physiology.
33
00:03:26,499 --> 00:03:29,547
但他真正热爱的是研究鸟类。
But his real passion has always been the study of birds.
34
00:03:33,499 --> 00:03:36,501
我喜欢在这里观看鸟。
I love watching birds in this place.
35
00:03:37,244 --> 00:03:40,856
我在美国七岁时就开始观鸟了。
I began watching birds when I was
seven years old in the United States.
36
00:03:41,384 --> 00:03:43,449
然后就是要识别它们
Then it was just a matter of identifying them.
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00:03:43,798 --> 00:03:45,854
我26岁的时候来到新几内亚，
I came here when I was 26 years old,
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00:03:46,510 --> 00:03:48,998
一见就钟情这里了。
to New Guinea, and it was love at first sight.
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00:03:51,650 --> 00:03:54,402
从那以后，戴蒙德一直定期来新几内亚…
Diamond has been making regular
trips to New Guinea ever since...
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00:03:57,206 --> 00:04:00,247
现在是岛上鸟类生活的权威专家。
and is now a leading expert on the bird life of the island.
41
00:04:05,841 --> 00:04:07,198
但在他的实地工作过程中，
But in the course of his field work
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00:04:07,526 --> 00:04:10,401
他对新几内亚人产生了好奇。
he's become just as curious about the people of New Guinea.
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00:04:22,247 --> 00:04:25,589
多年来，我逐渐认识了数千新几内亚人
Over the years I've gotten to know and like thousands of New Guineans.
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00:04:30,899 --> 00:04:32,798
我学会了几种语言
I've learned several of the languages,
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00:04:33,151 --> 00:04:35,591
我对岛上鸟类的知识很多就来自于他们。
and much of what I know about birds I picked up from them.
46
00:04:41,901 --> 00:04:44,653
新几内亚人类至少生活了4万年…
There have been people living in New
Guinea for at least 40,000 years...
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00:04:46,448 --> 00:04:49,651
比北美和南美大陆要长得多
much longer than on the continents
of North and South America.
48
00:04:55,089 --> 00:04:58,752
他们是最具文化多样性的，以及适应力最强的人。
They'e among the most culturally, diverse
and adaptable people in the world.
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00:05:01,058 --> 00:05:03,810
那么，为什么他们比现代美国人穷得多呢？
So why are they so much poorer than modern Americans?
50
00:05:14,570 --> 00:05:17,930
亚利对戴蒙德直接提出了这个问题，
The question was put to Diamond Bluntly by a man called Yali,
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00:05:19,068 --> 00:05:21,069
他们30多年前在海滩上相遇。
whom he met on a beach more than 30 years ago.
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00:05:21,933 --> 00:05:27,684
为什么白人有这么多货物，而新几内亚人却很少？
Why you white man have so much cargo
and we New Guineans have so little?
53
00:05:30,183 --> 00:05:32,178
亚利的问题真让我吃惊。
Yali's question really threw me.
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00:05:33,000 --> 00:05:34,740
它看起来如此简单明了，
It seemed so simple and obvious,
55
00:05:34,741 --> 00:05:37,881
我想它一定有简单明了的答案，
and I thought it must have a simple and obvious answer,
56
00:05:38,653 --> 00:05:41,586
但当他问我时，我不知道答案是什么。
but when he asked me, I had no idea what that answer was.
57
00:05:42,459 --> 00:05:47,380
为什么白人的货物这么多，而新几内亚人却很少？
Why you white men have so much cargo
and we New Guineans have so little?
58
00:05:54,571 --> 00:05:58,182
新几内亚人用“货物”这个词来形容，
New Guineans use the word cargo
to describe the material goods
59
00:05:58,508 --> 00:06:00,570
那些由西方人首先带过来的实物商品。
first brought to their country by Westerners.
60
00:06:06,569 --> 00:06:10,038
许多人认为货物是白人强大的证据。
Cargo was regarded by many as evidence of the white man's power.
61
00:06:11,474 --> 00:06:14,383
它受到了近乎宗教般的崇敬。
It was treated with an almost religious reverence.
62
00:06:21,779 --> 00:06:26,778
西方殖民者通常认为强弱是由种族决定的。
For their part, Western colonials typically
believed that power was determined by race.
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00:06:28,231 --> 00:06:32,027
他们认为自己在基因上优于当地人。
They saw themselves as genetically
superior to the native population.
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00:06:34,030 --> 00:06:37,584
对他们很自然，他们有这么多货物，
To them, it was only natural that they should have so much cargo
65
00:06:37,585 --> 00:06:39,538
而新几内亚人却很少
and New Guineans so little.
66
00:06:45,287 --> 00:06:48,678
对我来说，任何基于种族的解释都是荒谬的。
To me, any explanation based on race is absurd.
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00:06:49,293 --> 00:06:51,929
我认识太多聪明的新几内亚人
I know too many really smart New Guineans to believe
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00:06:52,195 --> 00:06:54,590
他们不存在任何遗传上的缺陷。
there's anything genetically inferior about them.
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00:06:56,931 --> 00:07:00,631
他们的聪明才智，学思敏捷一直让我印象深刻。
It's their ingenuity and their quickness
to learn that have always impressed me.
70
00:07:04,569 --> 00:07:08,131
他们可以赤手空拳进入地球上最困难的环境，
They can go empty-handed into some of
the most difficult environments on earth,
71
00:07:08,634 --> 00:07:10,979
在几个小时内建立庇护所并生存下来。
knock up a shelter in a few hours and survive.
72
00:07:15,632 --> 00:07:16,981
而我不知道从哪里开始
I wouldn't know where to start.
73
00:07:17,382 --> 00:07:19,587
在这种环境下，没有他们我很无助。
In this environment I'd be helpless without them.
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00:07:24,529 --> 00:07:27,780
为什么这些聪明人没有发明金属工具，
So why didn't these ingenious people invent metal tools,
75
00:07:29,939 --> 00:07:31,833
或者建造伟大的城市
or build great cities,
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00:07:31,934 --> 00:07:35,727
或者发展现代文明的其他特征？
or develop any of the other
trappings of modern civilization?
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00:07:43,776 --> 00:07:45,985
我所处的世界是如此不同。
The world that I'm from is so different.
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00:07:46,871 --> 00:07:50,122
现代美国是全球最富有、最强大的国家。
The modern U.S. is the richest,
most powerful state on earth.
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00:07:52,282 --> 00:07:55,588
其货物之多，新几内亚人无法想象
It's crammed with more cargo than
most New Guineans could ever imagine.
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00:07:57,828 --> 00:08:00,733
但为什么呢？这就是亚利想知道的。
But why? That's what Yali wanted to know.
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00:08:05,182 --> 00:08:07,932
我们的世界怎么会变得如此不同？
How did our worlds ever come so different?
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00:08:17,339 --> 00:08:19,283
戴蒙德意识到亚利的问题
Diamond realized that Yali's question
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00:08:19,284 --> 00:08:22,827
比最初看起来要大得多，复杂得多。
was far bigger and more complex than it first appeared.
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00:08:26,217 --> 00:08:27,840
其实这是关于不平等的根源，
It was really about the roots of inequality,
85
00:08:31,341 --> 00:08:34,463
一个和人类历史一样古老的问题。
a question as old as human history itself.
86
00:08:38,079 --> 00:08:42,277
为什么自古以来，有些社会的进步比其他的快？
Why, since ancient times, have some
societies progressed faster than others?
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00:08:44,276 --> 00:08:47,872
是什么让埃及人建造了大金字塔？
What allowed the Egyptians to build
great pyramids while most of the world
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00:08:48,089 --> 00:08:49,715
而当时世界上大多数人还在勉强维持生计
was still scratching out a living?
89
00:08:52,121 --> 00:08:55,013
希腊人是如何发展出如此先进的文明的？
How did the Greeks ever develop
such an advanced civilization?
90
00:08:56,872 --> 00:09:00,425
还有罗马人？还有玛雅人？
Or the Romans? Or the Maya?
91
00:09:04,620 --> 00:09:09,308
所有伟大的文明都有一些共同点，先进的技术、
All great civilizations have had some
things in common, advanced technology,
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00:09:09,841 --> 00:09:13,464
庞大的人口和组织良好的劳动力。
large populations, and well-organized workforce.
93
00:09:16,308 --> 00:09:19,556
如果能理解这些是如何形成的，
If I could understand how those things came into existence,
94
00:09:20,092 --> 00:09:23,776
那么就能理解在历史进程中，
then I'd understand why some
people marched faster than others
95
00:09:24,120 --> 00:09:25,268
有些社会比其他走得更快。
during the course of history.
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00:09:30,872 --> 00:09:35,369
戴蒙德开始探索世界的贫富分化。
Diamond set out to explore the division
of the world into haves and have nots.
97
00:09:36,965 --> 00:09:40,871
这是很少有学者敢接受的巨大挑战。
It was a massive challenge that few
scholars would have dared take on.
98
00:09:43,917 --> 00:09:46,279
他是科学家，不是历史学家。
He was a scientist, not a historian.
99
00:09:47,809 --> 00:09:51,425
他怎么可能解开人类历史上的巨大难题呢？
How could he possibly solve the
great puzzles of human history?
100
00:10:02,232 --> 00:10:04,809
要了解不平等的来源，
To understand where inequality came from,
101
00:10:05,404 --> 00:10:09,059
戴蒙德需要确定不平等发生的时间，
Diamond needed to identify a time before inequality,
102
00:10:09,387 --> 00:10:13,158
当时世界的生活方式或多或少都是相同的。
when people across the world were
living more or less the same way.
103
00:10:16,794 --> 00:10:22,751
他不得不回到几千年前第一代文明之前
He had to turn back the clock thousands of
years, back before the first civilizations.
104
00:10:24,252 --> 00:10:25,908
回到史前时代
Back into prehistory.
105
00:10:32,195 --> 00:10:36,897
一万三千年前，上一次冰河时代已经结束。
13,000 years ago, the ravages
of the last Ice Age were over.
106
00:10:37,773 --> 00:10:40,239
世界变得越来越温暖和湿润
The world was becoming warmer and wetter.
107
00:10:41,699 --> 00:10:44,890
中东是人类繁衍生息的地区之一。
One area where humans were thriving was the Middle East.
108
00:10:53,791 --> 00:10:55,282
一万三千年前，
13,000 years ago,
109
00:10:55,708 --> 00:11:01,473
中东远没有今天那么干旱，有更多的森林、树木和植物。
the Middle East was far less arid than
today, with more forests, trees and plants.
110
00:11:02,774 --> 00:11:05,539
在这个时期，这里和各地的人们都一样，
People here lived like people everywhere at this time
111
00:11:06,439 --> 00:11:09,535
以小型、流动的群体为主，进行狩猎或采集。
as hunter/gatherers in small, mobile groups.
112
00:11:14,989 --> 00:11:18,395
他们经常迁移，在能找到动物狩猎
They were frequently on the move, making shelters
113
00:11:18,495 --> 00:11:21,582
或植物采集的地方搭建庇护所。
wherever they could find animals to hunt or plants to gather.
114
00:11:26,129 --> 00:11:28,898
他们会在庇护所里一次住上几周或几个月，
They'd live in these shelters for weeks or months at a time,
115
00:11:29,585 --> 00:11:31,629
只要能继续养活自己。
as long as they could keep feeding themselves.
116
00:11:34,898 --> 00:11:38,204
但随着季节的变化，他们会跟随动物迁徙，
But as seasons changed and animals migrated,
they'd move on,
117
00:11:39,367 --> 00:11:42,368
到下一个山谷或山脊，寻找新的食物来源。
to the next valley or ridge, looking for new sources of food.
118
00:11:50,161 --> 00:11:53,752
仍可发现地球上为数不多的几个狩猎场，
One of the few places on earth where
it's still possible to find people hunting
119
00:11:53,753 --> 00:11:57,005
聚集在巴布亚新几内亚的雨林中。
and gathering is the rainforest of Papua New Guinea.
120
00:12:00,206 --> 00:12:03,470
不只是在考古书中读到这种生活方式，
Instead of just reading about this
lifestyle in archaeological books,
121
00:12:04,321 --> 00:12:06,769
我有幸亲眼目睹了它，
I've been lucky enough to witness it first hand,
122
00:12:08,221 --> 00:12:11,845
亲眼目睹了一万三千年前我们是如何生活的，
to see for myself how we all lived 13,000 years ago,
123
00:12:13,646 --> 00:12:15,269
以及是如何寻找食物的。
and how we found food.
124
00:12:22,120 --> 00:12:25,160
捕捉动物需要技巧、悄无声息，
To catch an animal requires skill, stealth,
125
00:12:25,868 --> 00:12:29,501
和关于数百种动物的渊博知识。
and encyclopedic knowledge about hundreds of animal species.
126
00:12:32,005 --> 00:12:34,052
你必须非常聪明才能成为猎人。
You have to be pretty smart to be a hunter.
127
00:12:45,286 --> 00:12:49,069
一万三千年前，中东的人们也曾以同样的方式狩猎，
13,000 years ago, people in the Middle East
hunted in the same way,
128
00:12:49,752 --> 00:12:52,068
追踪他们能发现的任何蛛丝马迹。
tracking down whatever game they could find.
129
00:12:56,065 --> 00:12:57,910
但狩猎的根本问题是，它从来都不是
But the fundamental problem with hunting
130
00:12:57,911 --> 00:13:00,956
一种能得到足够食物的有效方式。
is that it's never been a
productive way to find enough food.
131
00:13:01,162 --> 00:13:06,067
追踪动物耗时巨大
It takes time to track each animal.
132
00:13:10,711 --> 00:13:14,659
即便有了弓箭，狩猎的结局也不确定。
And with a bow and arrow, there's no
certainty of how the hunt will end.
133
00:14:05,410 --> 00:14:07,302
因为狩猎是如此不可预测，
Because hunting is so unpredictable,
134
00:14:07,678 --> 00:14:10,802
传统社会通常更依赖于采集。
traditional societies have usually relied more on gathering.
135
00:14:17,010 --> 00:14:20,510
在巴布亚新几内亚，采集由妇女完成。
In this part of Papua New Guinea,
the gathering is done by women.
136
00:14:24,512 --> 00:14:27,364
最重要的食物来源是野生西米
An important source of food here is wild sago.
137
00:14:32,410 --> 00:14:35,615
剥开西米树，就能在中间找到果肉，
By stripping a sago tree they
can get to the pulp at the centre,
138
00:14:36,803 --> 00:14:39,354
可以制成面团然后煮熟
which can be turned into dough and then cooked.
139
00:14:44,554 --> 00:14:46,053
获取食物虽然比较辛苦，耗费体力，
Although it's physically harder work,
140
00:14:46,490 --> 00:14:50,260
但通常来说，采集比狩猎获更有效率
gathering is generally a more productive
way of finding food than hunting.
141
00:14:53,505 --> 00:14:57,665
但仍然不能提供足够的卡路里来养活众多的人口。
But it still doesn't provide enough
calories to support a large population.
142
00:15:00,302 --> 00:15:05,460
我们周围的这片丛林，你认为是聚宝盆，但它不是。
This jungle around us, you might
think it's a cornucopia, but it isn't.
143
00:15:05,461 --> 00:15:09,303
绝大多数的丛林树木都没有产出，无法提供可食用的东西。
Most of these trees in the jungle don't yield,
don't give us anything edible.
144
00:15:09,647 --> 00:15:11,195
除了几棵西米树外，
There were just a few sago trees,
145
00:15:11,196 --> 00:15:14,555
其余的树种均不可食用。
and the rest of these trees don't yield
anything that we could eat.
146
00:15:19,458 --> 00:15:21,646
而且西米也很有限
And then sago itself has got limitations.
147
00:15:22,567 --> 00:15:26,554
一棵树只能产大约70磅(32kg)的西米。
One tree yields only maybe about 70 pounds of sago.
148
00:15:27,148 --> 00:15:30,006
加工需要三四天的时间
It takes them three or four days to process that tree,
149
00:15:30,836 --> 00:15:35,116
所以获取这点食物有点得不偿失，
so it's a lot of work really for not a great deal of food,
150
00:15:35,837 --> 00:15:39,115
再加上西米的蛋白质含量低，
plus the sago starch is low on protein,
151
00:15:40,417 --> 00:15:44,305
而且西米也不能长期储存。
and also the sago can't be stored for a long time.
152
00:15:46,116 --> 00:15:49,912
这就是为什么狩猎/采集区人口稀疏
And that's why hunter/gatherer populations are so sparse.
153
00:15:50,741 --> 00:15:53,454
要养活更多的人，要有不同的食物来源，
you've got to find a different food supply,
If you want to feed a lot of people,
154
00:15:53,455 --> 00:15:56,467
必须找到一种高效的生产方式，
you've got to find a really productive environment,
155
00:15:56,530 --> 00:15:58,715
而不是难以承载人口之重的西米树。
and it's not going to be a sago swamp.
156
00:16:02,325 --> 00:16:05,397
在中东，可采集很多不同的植物果实。
In the Middle East, there were very different plants to gather.
157
00:16:07,802 --> 00:16:13,055
树间野生着两种谷物，大麦和小麦。
Growing wild between the trees were
two cereal grasses, barley and wheat.
158
00:16:14,513 --> 00:16:17,303
远比西米营养丰富，且多产。
Far more plentiful and nutritious than sago.
159
00:16:20,552 --> 00:16:23,664
这些简单的谷物将产生深远的影响，
These simple grasses would have a profound impact,
160
00:16:24,544 --> 00:16:27,567
使人类走上现代文明的道路。
setting humanity on the course towards modern civilization.
161
00:16:30,282 --> 00:16:34,851
但在这之前，气候发生了灾难性变化。
But it would take a catastrophic change
in the climate before this would happen.
162
00:16:41,252 --> 00:16:45,805
12500年前，世界气候变得极不稳定。
12,500 years ago, the world's climate became highly volatile.
163
00:16:48,303 --> 00:16:51,928
上一个冰河期结束的长期解冻
The long-term thaw that had brought
about the end of the last ice age
164
00:16:51,929 --> 00:16:53,553
突然逆转了
suddenly went into reverse.
165
00:16:55,298 --> 00:16:59,052
全球气温下降，冰河重现
Global temperatures dropped,and ice age conditions returned.
166
00:17:03,456 --> 00:17:05,758
世界变得越来越寒冷和干燥
The world became colder and drier.
167
00:17:09,455 --> 00:17:12,057
中东的生存环境恶化
The Middle East suffered an environmental collapse.
168
00:17:13,351 --> 00:17:14,805
动物群灭绝
Animal herds died off.
169
00:17:15,240 --> 00:17:17,146
许多树木和植物也是如此
So did many trees and plants.
170
00:17:20,739 --> 00:17:23,508
干旱持续了一千多年
The drought lasted for more than 1,000 years.
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00:17:29,102 --> 00:17:33,852
人们被迫走得更远，更努力地寻找食物来源。
People were forced to travel farther and
look much harder for any source of food.
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00:17:36,142 --> 00:17:40,552
尽管如此还是生存下来了，甚至繁荣昌盛。
But despite the conditions, they
would somehow survive, even prosper.
173
00:17:45,396 --> 00:17:48,740
在中东将诞生出全新的生活方式，
Here in the Middle East, a new
way of life would come into being,
174
00:17:49,504 --> 00:17:51,659
它将改变地球的面貌
one that would change the face of the earth.
175
00:18:02,607 --> 00:18:05,029
伊恩·奎特是一位加拿大考古学家
Ian Kuijt is a Canadian archaeologist
176
00:18:05,030 --> 00:18:08,251
专门研究中东石器时代的历史
who specializes in the Stone Age history of the Middle East.
177
00:18:13,957 --> 00:18:16,393
他的工作集中在约旦河谷某处，
His work has focused on a site in the Jordan Valley,
178
00:18:16,706 --> 00:18:20,604
靠近死海，一个叫德拉的地方
near the Dead Sea, a place known as Dhra
179
00:18:23,396 --> 00:18:24,878
奎特是该发掘项目的联合主管，
Kuijt is a co-director of the dig,
180
00:18:24,879 --> 00:18:28,161
与一个国际考古学家团队合作。
and works with an international team of archaeologists.
181
00:18:32,708 --> 00:18:35,049
他们发现了古代住宅遗迹
They've uncovered the remains of ancient dwellings
182
00:18:35,355 --> 00:18:39,456
比任何狩猎/采集庇护所都要复杂得多
that were clearly more sophisticated
than any hunter/gatherer shelters.
183
00:18:45,800 --> 00:18:48,050
他们认为这是一个小村庄，
They believe this was a small village,
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00:18:48,744 --> 00:18:52,058
世界上最早的永久性定居点之一
one of the earliest permanent
villages anywhere in the world.
185
00:18:54,555 --> 00:18:56,802
人类开始在这里扎根了
People were starting to put down roots.
186
00:19:00,097 --> 00:19:02,308
这里有一个村庄，我不太确定，
this village of, I don't know, What we would have had is
187
00:19:02,309 --> 00:19:05,259
应该有40，50人居住在同一地方
40, 50 people, living in the same place.
188
00:19:06,457 --> 00:19:09,536
一连串椭圆形的小屋，
We would have had a series of oval huts
189
00:19:09,537 --> 00:19:11,416
小屋的一部分深入地下，
that would have been partially cut into the ground,
190
00:19:12,010 --> 00:19:15,254
这很可能是人类首次安顿下来，
and these would have been very much
the, the first time people settled down
191
00:19:15,321 --> 00:19:17,802
真正意义上的社区性群居生活。
and lived in communities in a really extensive way.
192
00:19:21,004 --> 00:19:22,848
用碳14测定地点的年代，
When they radiocarbon dated the site,
193
00:19:23,304 --> 00:19:27,760
发现村庄最先出现在11500年前
they discovered that the village first emerged 11,500 years ago
194
00:19:28,708 --> 00:19:31,753
是中东干旱期的结束之时
at the same time as the end of the drought in the Middle East.
195
00:19:35,145 --> 00:19:40,159
但如果条件这么艰难，怎么可能养活整个村子呢？
But how was it possible to feed an
entire village if times were so hard?
196
00:19:43,895 --> 00:19:48,604
在德拉发掘了四年，考古学家们相信得到了答案。
After four years of digging at Dhra, the
archaeologists believe they have an answer.
197
00:19:50,300 --> 00:19:52,397
它位于这个独特的建筑里
It lies in this unique structure.
198
00:19:56,556 --> 00:20:01,010
这里能看到围起来的泥墙轮廓，
What you can see here is the outline of
a mud wall coming all the way round here,
199
00:20:01,361 --> 00:20:04,896
内部有直立着的石头，
and then inside we have a series of
upright stones that have been chipped
200
00:20:05,191 --> 00:20:07,103
它们被凿成这样，你可以看到上面有一个凹口，
in such a way where you can see a notch on them,
201
00:20:07,447 --> 00:20:09,805
顶上架有一系列的横梁，
and there would have been a series of beams over the top of that,
202
00:20:10,134 --> 00:20:13,356
有一层地板穿过，基本上形成了一个干燥，
with a floor across it, and basically you would have had a dry,
203
00:20:13,357 --> 00:20:15,552
湿度受控的环境，可以存放谷物，
humidity-controlled environment, where they could take grain,
204
00:20:15,854 --> 00:20:18,554
可以放任何植物，把它们晾干，
they could take any plants, they could dry them out,
205
00:20:18,555 --> 00:20:22,597
储存在这里，能防止昆虫的侵害，
put them in here, protect them from
insects, protect them from moisture,
206
00:20:23,067 --> 00:20:25,209
防止潮气和渗水
protect them from water percolating through.
207
00:20:26,707 --> 00:20:29,208
从我们的角度来看，
What that ends up being from our perspective
208
00:20:29,428 --> 00:20:32,897
这可能是世界上第一个粮仓，
is probably the world's first granary in some form
209
00:20:32,908 --> 00:20:34,982
在这个特定的位置
a place where they were able to store food
210
00:20:34,983 --> 00:20:37,457
他们能够全年储存食物
at a particular location on a year-round basis.
211
00:20:43,706 --> 00:20:47,397
德拉的团队认为，粮仓是椭圆形的泥墙建筑，
The team at Dhra believes the
granary was an oval-shaped mud wall
212
00:20:47,398 --> 00:20:49,144
位于村庄的中心
building at the centre of the village;
213
00:20:49,755 --> 00:20:52,645
可以集中储存采集的粮食
a place where grain could be stored collectively.
214
00:20:55,056 --> 00:20:58,800
储存的谷物主要是小麦和大麦
And the grains that were being stored
were primarily wheat and barley.
215
00:21:02,510 --> 00:21:04,282
没有其他植物可食用的时候，
While other plants were no longer available,
216
00:21:04,283 --> 00:21:08,054
这些谷类和牧草足够生存，
these cereal grasses were hardy enough to survive,
217
00:21:08,519 --> 00:21:11,302
并且可以保存数年。
and durable enough to be stored for years.
218
00:21:16,803 --> 00:21:21,301
但如果这是粮食短缺的时期，怎么会有谷物装满粮仓呢？
But if this was a time of scarcity, how
was there enough grain to fi ll a granary?
219
00:21:24,104 --> 00:21:27,055
答案暗示人类的行为发生了根本性的转变。
The answer suggests a radical shift in human behavior.
220
00:21:28,147 --> 00:21:30,512
在中东干旱的某个时候，
At some point during the drought in the Middle East,
221
00:21:30,918 --> 00:21:33,105
人们开始种植自己的粮食。
people started growing their own food.
222
00:21:38,355 --> 00:21:40,661
由于无法维持流动的生活方式，
Unable to maintain a mobile way of life,
223
00:21:41,146 --> 00:21:44,504
他们住在附近能找到的水源的地点，
they would have stayed close to
any source of water they could find,
224
00:21:46,209 --> 00:21:49,364
并在周围种植小麦和大麦田。
and planted new fields of wheat and barley around them.
225
00:21:53,457 --> 00:21:56,414
不是跟着食物来源迁徙，
Rather than just following food
sources around different locations,
226
00:21:56,992 --> 00:21:58,669
这是人们第一次开始
for the first time what people start to do
227
00:21:58,670 --> 00:22:01,147
把这些资源带回到身边。
is that they bring these resources back to them.
228
00:22:03,054 --> 00:22:08,104
不仅仅是食物的收获，而是作为种子，
they'e bringing them as seeds, Not just as harvested food, but
229
00:22:09,459 --> 00:22:11,613
把它们种在村子旁边，
and they'e growing them next to their village,
230
00:22:12,599 --> 00:22:13,553
这是第一次，
and that's the first time,
231
00:22:13,554 --> 00:22:16,708
在世界上看到这种情况。
really this is the first time we
see this anywhere in the world.
232
00:22:19,505 --> 00:22:22,857
石器时代的中东人正在成为农民，
The Stone Age people of the
Middle East were becoming farmers,
233
00:22:23,582 --> 00:22:25,557
世界上第一批农民。
the first farmers in the world.
234
00:22:36,857 --> 00:22:37,834
在无意识中，
Without realizing it,
235
00:22:37,835 --> 00:22:42,211
这些新农民正在改变周围农作物的性质。
these new farmers were changing the
very nature of the crops around them.
236
00:22:49,864 --> 00:22:51,897
随着每一轮的种植和收获，
With every round of planting and harvesting,
237
00:22:52,334 --> 00:22:55,856
他们喜欢的小麦和大麦的麦穗
they'd favor ears of wheat and
barley whose seeds were the biggest,
238
00:22:56,162 --> 00:22:58,208
种子最大、最美味，优先被收获。
tastiest or easiest to harvest.
239
00:23:00,364 --> 00:23:05,364
带有无用性状的野生植物，在人类的培育下繁衍。
Traits that were useless to the plant in
the wild thrived under human cultivation.
240
00:23:08,957 --> 00:23:10,303
他们打断了循环。
They interrupted the cycle.
241
00:23:11,067 --> 00:23:14,536
中断了正常的环境循环，
They interrupted the normal environmental cycle
242
00:23:14,537 --> 00:23:18,006
开始选择个别的植物，
and started to select these individual plants
243
00:23:18,008 --> 00:23:21,864
就是奖励对他们最有利的植物，
and basically rewarding those that were
going to be most profitable to them,
244
00:23:22,434 --> 00:23:24,710
所以即使这是偶然的，
and so even though it was accidental,
245
00:23:24,711 --> 00:23:28,608
一旦整个过程开始，人们就开始控制自然。
once that whole process started,
people were starting to control nature.
246
00:23:37,208 --> 00:23:41,662
人为干扰改变农作物被称为驯化。
The way crops are changed by human
interference is known as domestication.
247
00:23:43,646 --> 00:23:45,272
如今它发生在研究实验室里，
Today it happens in research labs,
248
00:23:45,273 --> 00:23:48,898
科学家们选择基因和育种作物，
with scientists selecting genes and breeding crops
249
00:23:48,899 --> 00:23:50,507
以使其对人类更加有用。
to be ever more useful to humans.
250
00:23:54,210 --> 00:23:56,856
这是一个非常精确、慎重的过程
It's a very precise, deliberate process.
251
00:23:58,914 --> 00:24:02,607
但与几千年前在中东的第一次
But not so different from what the
first farmers were doing unconsciously,
252
00:24:03,322 --> 00:24:05,459
无意识所做的事情没有太大区别。
thousands of years ago in the Middle East.
253
00:24:21,618 --> 00:24:26,257
向农业过渡显然是人类历史上决定性的转折点。
The transition to farming was clearly a
decisive turning point in human history.
254
00:24:29,350 --> 00:24:30,656
那些仍然保持狩猎/采集的人
People who remained hunter/gatherers
255
00:24:30,657 --> 00:24:33,762
不能产出与农民一样多的食物，
couldn't produce anywhere near as much food as farmers,
256
00:24:35,507 --> 00:24:37,898
也不能产出多余的食物去储存。
and also couldn't produce much food that could be stored.
257
00:24:40,510 --> 00:24:42,867
他们总是处于长期的劣势。
They were always going to be at a chronic disadvantage.
258
00:24:51,513 --> 00:24:55,257
现在我需要去了解别处成为农民的古人。
Now I needed to know where else in the
ancient world people had become farmers.
259
00:24:59,961 --> 00:25:01,238
如果我能把农业传播
If I could establish links
260
00:25:01,239 --> 00:25:04,116
和文明传播之间建立起联系，
between the spread of farming
and the spread of civilization,
261
00:25:04,584 --> 00:25:07,368
我就能很好地回答亚利的问题。
I'd be well on my way to answering Yali's question.
262
00:25:16,430 --> 00:25:20,529
古代世界只有少数几个地方独立发展了农业。
There are only a few parts of the ancient
world that developed farming independently.
263
00:25:22,578 --> 00:25:24,805
中东之后不久是中国
Not long after the Middle East came China,
264
00:25:24,806 --> 00:25:28,269
人们种植另一种高产谷草：
where people grew another high yield cereal grass:
265
00:25:28,270 --> 00:25:29,132
大米
rice.
266
00:25:30,841 --> 00:25:33,706
美洲也出现了以玉米、南瓜和豆子
Pockets of farming also emerged in the Americas,
267
00:25:33,907 --> 00:25:37,571
为基础的农业区。
based on corn, squash and beans.
268
00:25:40,335 --> 00:25:44,484
后来在非洲，人们种植高粱、小米和山药。
Later, in Africa, people farmed sorghum, millet and yams.
269
00:25:46,390 --> 00:25:48,307
大多数出现农业的地方，
And in most places where farming emerged,
270
00:25:48,308 --> 00:25:51,825
一个相对庞大、先进的文明也随之而来。
a relatively large, advanced civilization followed.
271
00:25:53,023 --> 00:25:54,733
但这个规律有个例外
But there was an exception to the rule.
272
00:25:55,481 --> 00:25:58,360
农业没有带来同样好处的地区：
An area where farming didn't bring the same benefits:
273
00:25:59,861 --> 00:26:01,839
新几内亚高地
the highlands of New Guinea.
274
00:26:08,317 --> 00:26:11,315
在西方人殖民新几内亚50年后，
For 50 years after Westerners colonized New Guinea,
275
00:26:11,787 --> 00:26:15,276
他们认为内陆的高原山谷无人居住。
they thought the highland valleys
in the interior were uninhabited.
276
00:26:18,520 --> 00:26:21,870
其实那是岛上人口最稠密的地区，
In fact, they were the most densely
populated part of the island,
277
00:26:22,817 --> 00:26:25,661
拥有世界上最古老的农业系统
with one of the oldest systems of farming in the world.
278
00:26:29,818 --> 00:26:34,676
考古学家认为他们已耕作长达一万年之久，
Archaeologists now believe that people have
been farming here for almost 10,000 years
279
00:26:36,255 --> 00:26:38,868
几乎与中东地区的人一样长。
almost as long as the people of the Middle East.
280
00:26:45,176 --> 00:26:47,925
很惊讶地想到，这些亚利的同族人，
It's amazing to think that these people, Yali's people,
281
00:26:48,302 --> 00:26:50,316
是世界上最早的一些农民
were some of the earliest farmers in the world.
282
00:26:53,616 --> 00:26:54,720
但如果他们是农民，
But if they were farmers,
283
00:26:54,721 --> 00:26:58,425
为什么他们没有走上文明的道路呢，
why weren't they propelled down the same path towards civilization
284
00:26:58,692 --> 00:27:01,869
像中东、中国或中美洲的人民一样呢？
as the people of the Middle East or China or Central America?
285
00:27:05,911 --> 00:27:07,776
他们为什么最终没产出自己货物呢？
Why didn't they end up producing their own cargo?
286
00:27:12,425 --> 00:27:15,617
新几内亚农民本身的天赋肯定不亚于
New Guinea farmers themselves were surely no less talented
287
00:27:15,618 --> 00:27:17,525
世界上其他地区的农民
than farmers anywhere else in the world.
288
00:27:18,722 --> 00:27:19,971
那有什么区别呢？
So what was the difference?
289
00:27:22,616 --> 00:27:26,771
高原农业是以像芋头这样的作物为基础的，
Highland agriculture was based on crops like these taro roots,
290
00:27:27,256 --> 00:27:29,525
它们与谷类作物有很大的不同
which are very different from cereal crops.
291
00:27:30,120 --> 00:27:31,315
芋头需要更多的劳作。
Taro is much more work.
292
00:27:31,602 --> 00:27:33,384
你得一个个地种，
You've got to plant it one by one,
293
00:27:33,385 --> 00:27:37,566
不像小麦，可以用手撒下种子，
unlike wheat where you throw your hand and spread the seed,
294
00:27:38,566 --> 00:27:43,069
这些新几内亚作物不能像小麦那样能储存多年，
and these New Guinea crops can't be
stored for years the way wheat can,
295
00:27:43,338 --> 00:27:45,725
它们腐烂得很快，必须在短时间内吃掉
they rot quickly, they have to be eaten in a short time.
296
00:27:46,338 --> 00:27:49,175
与小麦相比，它们的蛋白质含量低，
They'e also low in protein compared to wheat,
297
00:27:49,551 --> 00:27:54,163
因此新几内亚高地的农民因缺乏蛋白质受苦。
so these farmers of the New Guinea
highlands suffered from protein deficiency.
298
00:28:00,278 --> 00:28:03,614
新几内亚的其他作物也没有多少蛋白质。
There's not much protein to be gotten
from New Guinea's other crops, either.
299
00:28:05,918 --> 00:28:08,520
这里种植当地品种的香蕉，
People here farm local varieties of bananas,
300
00:28:09,816 --> 00:28:14,620
像芋头一样，蛋白质含量也很低。尽管富含淀粉和糖分，
starch, like taro they'e low in protein.
but although bananas are rich in sugar and
301
00:28:17,817 --> 00:28:20,277
事实上，高原人的蛋白质很低，
In fact, people in the highlands have so little protein
302
00:28:20,685 --> 00:28:23,868
有时要吃巨型蜘蛛来补充饮食。
that sometimes they eat giant spiders to supplement their diet.
303
00:28:35,069 --> 00:28:37,027
我意识到了
I'd reached a moment of realization.
304
00:28:38,927 --> 00:28:42,318
农业显然对人类的不平等至关重要
Farming was clearly crucial to the story of human inequality.
305
00:28:44,068 --> 00:28:47,225
但农业的类型也同样重要。
But, just as important was the type of farming.
306
00:28:49,277 --> 00:28:52,818
世界各地有机会获得最高产作物的人
People around the world who had
access to the most productive crops
307
00:28:53,050 --> 00:28:54,724
成为最有产能的农民。
became the most productive farmers.
308
00:28:57,278 --> 00:28:59,874
最终归结于地理上的运气。
Ultimately it came down to geographic luck.
309
00:29:05,171 --> 00:29:06,899
这是一个大胆的想法，
It's an audacious idea
310
00:29:06,900 --> 00:29:11,227
世界上的不平等诞生于我们吃的农作物。
that the inequalities of the world were born from the crops we eat.
311
00:29:14,727 --> 00:29:19,381
根据贾里德·戴蒙德的说法，美国人比新几内亚人更具优势，
According to Jared Diamond, Americans
have had an advantage over New Guineans
312
00:29:19,817 --> 00:29:23,976
因为几个世纪以来，他们种植的作物更有营养和生产力。
because for centuries they've grown crops
that are more nutritious and productive.
313
00:29:27,380 --> 00:29:31,631
像小麦这样的作物，能提供所需卡路里的五分之一
Crops like wheat, which provides about a fifth of all the calories they eat.
314
00:29:36,630 --> 00:29:41,623
现代美国的财富绝不可能靠芋头和香蕉来支撑。
The wealth of modern America could never
have been sustained by taro and bananas.
315
00:29:50,271 --> 00:29:52,928
但戴蒙德的想法似乎太简单了。
But Diamond's idea seems almost too simple.
316
00:29:56,067 --> 00:30:00,131
植物本身真的有能力塑造人类历史的进程吗？
Could plants alone really have the power
to shape the course of human history?
317
00:30:05,070 --> 00:30:06,879
或者还有别的在起作用？
Or was there something else at play?
318
00:30:08,124 --> 00:30:12,069
世界贫富分化另有原因？
Another reason for the division of
the world into haves and have nots?
319
00:30:21,978 --> 00:30:25,227
到9000年前，中东的第一批定居点
By 9,000 years ago, the first settlements in the Middle East
320
00:30:25,228 --> 00:30:27,631
正在让位给更大的村庄。
were giving way to much larger villages.
321
00:30:30,176 --> 00:30:34,427
农民的产量要更多，才能维持大规模的群居。
People were only able to live on this
scale by becoming more productive farmers.
322
00:30:36,280 --> 00:30:39,663
他们被驯化的小麦和大麦包围着，
They were surrounded by fields of
domesticated wheat and barley,
323
00:30:42,319 --> 00:30:45,779
现在他们也有了另一种稳定的食物来源。
but by now they also had another steady source of food.
324
00:30:51,225 --> 00:30:56,974
我们所看到的大约9000年前发生的
What we see happening about 9,000
years ago is a remarkable transformation
325
00:30:57,527 --> 00:31:01,568
是人类与动物间关系的显着转变。
in the way that humans are interacting with animals.
326
00:31:03,224 --> 00:31:07,678
我们开始看到动物驯化的过程，
We begin to see a process of animal domestication,
327
00:31:08,120 --> 00:31:11,778
就是人类控制着它们移动的地方，
by which we mean humans were
controlling where they were moving,
328
00:31:12,028 --> 00:31:15,528
控制着它们的喂养，控制着它们的繁殖。
they were controlling their feeding,
and they were controlling their breeding.
329
00:31:17,525 --> 00:31:22,278
不必外出打猎，就有可靠的畜肉供应
Instead of having to go out to hunt, you
have a dependable meat supply on the hoof,
330
00:31:22,802 --> 00:31:24,760
在居住地周围，一年四季都有，
year-round, around your site,
331
00:31:24,761 --> 00:31:28,919
不像狩猎，会受季节变化的影响。
rather than being subject to seasonal variations in wild game.
332
00:31:31,568 --> 00:31:34,296
除了肉类，动物也可以产奶，
As well as meat, animals could be used for their milk,
333
00:31:34,297 --> 00:31:37,225
持续提供蛋白质的来源。
providing an ongoing source of protein.
334
00:31:39,914 --> 00:31:43,530
动物皮毛可以用来制作温暖的衣服。
Their hair and skins could be used
to make clothes for extra warmth.
335
00:31:46,427 --> 00:31:49,603
随着时间的推移，家畜成为新的农业
Over time, domestic animals became an integral part
336
00:31:49,604 --> 00:31:51,980
生活方式不可分割的部分。
of the new agricultural way of life.
337
00:31:55,529 --> 00:32:00,126
我们知道，最初开始驯养家畜的社区
We know that the communities which
first started to have domestic animals
338
00:32:00,570 --> 00:32:03,227
已经有了谷类作物，所以他们是耕种者，
already had cereal crops, so they were cultivators,
339
00:32:05,070 --> 00:32:07,719
这些特定的动植物组合
and the combination of these particular animals and plants
340
00:32:07,720 --> 00:32:10,569
成了极具吸引力的组合，
becomes an extremely attractive package,
341
00:32:10,853 --> 00:32:13,975
因为它们是互补的。
in that they'e complementary.
342
00:32:16,528 --> 00:32:20,319
收获期过后，动物可能会放到田里，
After the harvest period, animals
could be turned out on the stubble,
343
00:32:20,741 --> 00:32:24,122
它们可以吃掉谷物收获的剩余部分。
and they can actually eat the remains of the cereal crop harvest.
344
00:32:24,967 --> 00:32:25,900
通过转换
In their turn,
345
00:32:25,901 --> 00:32:27,367
动物粪便
animal dung
346
00:32:27,368 --> 00:32:32,634
可以为谷类作物提供肥料
can be used to provide sort of a
fertilizer for the cereal crops as well,
347
00:32:32,946 --> 00:32:36,232
庄稼、动物、人类，整套组合，
the crops, so the whole, the whole package,
348
00:32:36,233 --> 00:32:39,318
看来是互惠互利的，
you know, is seen to be mutually beneficial,
349
00:32:39,319 --> 00:32:42,980
无论是对动物还是植物，当然也对人类有利。
both for the animals and the
plants and of course for the humans.
350
00:32:54,023 --> 00:32:57,724
山羊和绵羊是古代最早被驯养的动物，
Goats and sheep were the first animals
to be domesticated in the ancient world,
351
00:32:58,590 --> 00:33:01,981
随后是今天的其他大型家畜
and were eventually followed by
the other big farm animals of today.
352
00:33:03,915 --> 00:33:05,775
最初都是用来做肉用的，
All of them were used at first for their meat,
353
00:33:05,776 --> 00:33:08,435
但在其他方面都被证明也是有用的，
but they all prove useful in other ways,
354
00:33:09,819 --> 00:33:12,030
特别是在发明犁的时候。
especially with the invention of the plough.
355
00:33:14,571 --> 00:33:15,874
在工业革命之前，
Before the industrial revolution,
356
00:33:15,875 --> 00:33:19,977
负重动物是地球上最强大的机器。
beasts of burden were the most
powerful machines on the planet.
357
00:33:23,278 --> 00:33:25,554
一匹马或一头牛，套上犁具，
A horse or an ox, harnessed to a plough,
358
00:33:25,555 --> 00:33:28,231
可以改变土地的生产力，
could transform the productivity of the land,
359
00:33:30,430 --> 00:33:34,322
让农民种植更多的粮食，养活更多的人。
allowing farmers to grow more food and feed more people.
360
00:33:38,914 --> 00:33:41,070
在新几内亚和世界上许多其他地方，
In New Guinea and many other parts of the world,
361
00:33:41,623 --> 00:33:45,531
人们从来不使用犁，因为没有动物拉犁。
people never used ploughs because they
never had the animals to pull them.
362
00:33:49,416 --> 00:33:53,319
新几内亚的唯一大型家畜是猪，不是本地的，
was the pig, and it wasn't even native,
The only big domestic animal in New Guinea
363
00:33:53,622 --> 00:33:55,731
几千年前从亚洲传入，
it came in from Asia a few thousand years ago,
364
00:33:56,678 --> 00:33:59,819
欧洲和亚洲不仅有猪，还有牛
while Europe and Asia had not only pigs but also cows,
365
00:34:00,085 --> 00:34:03,529
绵羊、山羊、马、水牛、骆驼等等。
sheep, goats, horses, buffalo, camels and so on.
366
00:34:03,913 --> 00:34:07,571
猪能提供猪肉，但提供不了其他产品
Now pigs do give you meat, but pigs don't
give you the other products
367
00:34:07,572 --> 00:34:09,977
那些欧洲和亚洲动物所能提供的产品。
that you get from those European and Asian animals.
368
00:34:10,251 --> 00:34:15,383
猪提供不了奶制品、毛皮，更重要的是
Pigs don't give you milk, or wool, or
leather or hides, and most important of all,
369
00:34:15,694 --> 00:34:18,960
猪提供不了肌肉力量，
pigs can't be used for muscle power,
370
00:34:18,961 --> 00:34:23,026
猪不拉犁也不拉车。
pigs don't pull ploughs or pull carts.
371
00:34:24,231 --> 00:34:27,883
新几内亚唯一的肌肉力量是人的肌肉力量。
The only muscle power in New
Guinea was human muscle power.
372
00:34:31,384 --> 00:34:34,280
即使在今天，新几内亚也没有负重的动物，
Even today, there are no beasts of burden in New Guinea,
373
00:34:34,976 --> 00:34:37,781
几乎所有的农活都是手工完成的。
and almost all of the farm work is still done by hand.
374
00:34:40,977 --> 00:34:42,481
但如果家畜真的如此有用，
But if farm animals were so useful,
375
00:34:42,482 --> 00:34:45,585
为什么新几内亚人没有自己驯养呢？
why didn't New Guineans domesticate any of their own?
376
00:34:48,165 --> 00:34:51,821
我决定统计世界上所有被驯养过的动物，
I decided to add up all the animals in
the world that have ever been domesticated,
377
00:34:53,187 --> 00:34:54,982
我对自己的发现感到惊讶。
and I was amazed by what I found.
378
00:35:02,936 --> 00:35:05,820
已知野生动物近200万种，
There are nearly two million known species of wild animals,
379
00:35:06,570 --> 00:35:09,135
但绝大多数从未被家养。
but the vast majority has never been farmed.
380
00:35:13,281 --> 00:35:16,478
多数昆虫和啮齿动物对人类没有实际用途，
Most insects and rodents are of no practical use to humans,
381
00:35:16,479 --> 00:35:18,476
不值得养殖。
and not worth the effort of farming.
382
00:35:22,571 --> 00:35:25,979
一些鸟类、鱼类和爬行动物已经被驯养，
Some birds, fi sh and reptiles have been domesticated,
383
00:35:26,415 --> 00:35:28,531
但大多数根本无法进行农作。
but most are simply impractical to farm.
384
00:35:31,479 --> 00:35:34,777
大多数食肉动物也是，不是它们很危险，
So are most carnivores, not because they'e dangerous
385
00:35:35,571 --> 00:35:38,086
而是必须养其他动物再来喂养它们。
but because you'd have to grow other animals just to feed them.
386
00:35:42,532 --> 00:35:46,070
最好的家畜是大型食草的哺乳动物。
The best animals to farm are large, plant-eating mammals.
387
00:35:48,979 --> 00:35:49,729
多年以来，
And over the years,
388
00:35:49,730 --> 00:35:55,105
人类可能试图驯化所有这类动物，但通常不成功。
humans have probably tried to domesticate
all of them, usually without success.
389
00:35:59,006 --> 00:36:03,180
尽管一再努力，非洲人从未驯化大象。
Despite repeated efforts, Africans
have never domesticated the elephant.
390
00:36:15,108 --> 00:36:18,309
在南亚，一些大象被用作工作动物。
In South Asia, some elephants are used as work animals.
391
00:36:20,016 --> 00:36:21,766
但从来没有为此而去家养。
But they'e not farmed for the purpose.
392
00:36:25,685 --> 00:36:29,960
取而代之的是在野外捕获大象，然后驯服训练。
Instead, each elephant is caught in
the wild and then tamed and trained.
393
00:36:33,916 --> 00:36:39,101
因为没有经济意义，饲养一头大象要15年
It doesn't make economic sense to farm an
animal that takes some 15 years to mature
394
00:36:39,500 --> 00:36:41,759
才能到成熟繁殖的年龄
and reach an age where it can start reproducing.
395
00:36:46,352 --> 00:36:48,810
适合驯养的动物
Animals which made suitable candidates for domestication
396
00:36:49,226 --> 00:36:51,618
可以在1-2年开始繁育。
can start giving birth in their first or second years.
397
00:36:52,814 --> 00:36:55,337
每年会有1-2个后代，
They will have one or maybe two offspring a year,
398
00:36:55,338 --> 00:36:57,599
所以他们的繁殖力实际上很高。
so they'e productivity is actually high.
399
00:37:00,300 --> 00:37:04,461
从行为上讲，它们需要是群居动物，
Behaviorally they need to be social animals,
400
00:37:05,427 --> 00:37:10,063
也就是说，雄性、雌性和幼体共同群体生活，
meaning that the males and the females
and the young all live together as a group,
401
00:37:10,439 --> 00:37:14,909
它们也有内部的社会等级，
and they also have an internal social hierarchy,
402
00:37:16,003 --> 00:37:18,957
这意味着如果人类能够控制头领，
which means that if humans can control the leader,
403
00:37:19,689 --> 00:37:23,971
也就获得对整畜群的控制。
then they will also gain control over
the whole herd or whole flock.
404
00:37:28,002 --> 00:37:31,017
对家畜还有另一个关键要求
There is another crucial requirement for a domestic animal.
405
00:37:32,972 --> 00:37:34,722
它需要能与人相处。
It needs to get along with humans.
406
00:37:37,814 --> 00:37:40,503
有些动物不具备家养的性格
Some animals don't have the temperament to live on a farm.
407
00:37:45,490 --> 00:37:47,827
斑马可能是一种理想的家畜，
A zebra could be an ideal domestic animal,
408
00:37:47,928 --> 00:37:50,565
可能和马一样有用。
potentially as useful as a horse.
409
00:37:53,721 --> 00:37:56,372
但斑马是在非洲大型掠食动物中进化而来的，
But evolving in the midst of Africa's great predators,
410
00:37:56,473 --> 00:38:00,223
它们已经成为快速、紧张的生物。
zebras have become flighty, nervous creatures.
411
00:38:05,462 --> 00:38:09,313
它们有一种人类无法驯服的暴虐特性。
They have a vicious streak that
humans have been unable to tame.
412
00:38:12,414 --> 00:38:17,024
这也许就是为什么斑马从未耕作或作为战马的原因
That may be why zebras have never been
harnessed to a plough or ridden into battle.
413
00:38:21,111 --> 00:38:26,361
我统计了148种不同种类的野生食草的陆生哺乳动物，
I counted up 148 different species of wild,
plant-eating terrestrial mammals
414
00:38:26,596 --> 00:38:30,064
体重超过100磅，但在这148种动物中，
that weighed over 100 pounds, but of those 148,
415
00:38:30,597 --> 00:38:35,613
成功驯养的只有14种。
the number that has ever been successfully
farmed for any length of time is just 14.
416
00:38:37,472 --> 00:38:41,968
山羊、绵羊、猪、牛、马、驴子、
Goats, sheep, pigs, cows, horses, donkeys,
417
00:38:41,969 --> 00:38:46,065
巴德里安骆驼、阿拉伯骆驼、水牛、
Badrian camels, Arabian camels, water buffalo,
418
00:38:46,412 --> 00:38:51,161
大羊驼、驯鹿、牦牛、白肢牛和巴里牛
llamas, reindeer, yaks, nithans, and bally cattle.
419
00:38:52,523 --> 00:38:56,925
在一万年的驯养中，只有14种大型家畜
Just 14 large domestic animals in 10,000 years of domestication.
420
00:39:00,019 --> 00:39:03,023
这些动物的祖先来自哪里？
And where did the ancestors of these animals come from?
421
00:39:03,550 --> 00:39:06,974
没有一个来自新几内亚或澳大利亚。
None was from New Guinea, or Australia.
422
00:39:08,415 --> 00:39:12,862
或者撒哈拉以南非洲，或者北美大陆。
Or Sub-Saharan Africa, or the whole continent of North America.
423
00:39:14,518 --> 00:39:19,316
南美洲只有一种大型家畜的祖先：大羊驼。
South America had the ancestor of just
one large domestic animal: the llama.
424
00:39:21,363 --> 00:39:25,018
其他13种都来自亚洲、北非和欧洲。
The other 13 were all from Asia, North Africa and Europe.
425
00:39:27,255 --> 00:39:32,314
其中四大牲畜，牛、猪、绵羊和山羊，
And of these, the big four livestock
animals; cows, pigs, sheep and goats,
426
00:39:32,691 --> 00:39:34,063
原产于中东
were native to the Middle East.
427
00:39:35,221 --> 00:39:38,617
世界上最好的农作物产地
The very same area that was home to
some of the best crops in the world
428
00:39:38,864 --> 00:39:41,024
也是最好的家畜产地
was also home to some of the best animals.
429
00:39:42,036 --> 00:39:46,119
难怪这个地区被称为新月沃土
Little wonder that this area became
known as the Fertile Crescent.
430
00:39:52,555 --> 00:39:56,253
新月沃土上的人民得到地理上的祝福，
The people of the Fertile Crescent
were geographically blessed,
431
00:39:57,004 --> 00:40:01,345
得到古代最好的农作物和牲畜。
with access to some of the best crops
and farm animals in the ancient world.
432
00:40:03,860 --> 00:40:05,913
这给了他们一个巨大的开端。
It gave them a huge head start.
433
00:40:09,503 --> 00:40:12,658
从播种小麦和饲养山羊开始，
What had begun with the sowing
of wheat and the penning of goats
434
00:40:12,994 --> 00:40:15,549
孕育出第一个人类文明
was leading towards the first human civilization.
435
00:40:21,352 --> 00:40:25,956
约旦南部瓜尔的考古遗址已有9000年历史
The archaeological site of Guar in
Southern Jordan is 9,000 years old.
436
00:40:27,211 --> 00:40:29,307
它具有城镇的所有特征
But it has all the hallmarks of a town.
437
00:40:32,503 --> 00:40:37,598
有几百人住在这里，一排排的房子是科技的奇迹。
A few hundred people lived here, in rows
of houses that were a wonder of technology.
438
00:40:41,411 --> 00:40:47,057
每次我来这里，我都对古人的作所感到着迷。
Every time I come here, I'm amazed
by what those people were doing.
439
00:40:48,360 --> 00:40:52,312
有些房子像有空调，
Some of the houses have a kind of air conditioning,
440
00:40:52,313 --> 00:40:56,464
这里，这个窗户
a, this window here is for,
441
00:40:56,690 --> 00:41:00,503
是用来控制从街道进入室内的空气，
to control the air coming from the street inside the house,
442
00:41:00,910 --> 00:41:03,062
还有房子内部，
and the houses,
443
00:41:03,063 --> 00:41:07,414
至少房屋内部的墙壁和地板，
the walls and the floors of the houses from the inside at least,
444
00:41:07,861 --> 00:41:09,816
都覆盖着石膏。
were covered with plaster.
445
00:41:14,901 --> 00:41:18,411
人们开始形成家庭的概念
So people were moving to a concept of homes.
446
00:41:20,861 --> 00:41:25,347
它不仅仅是睡觉的地方，而是舒适的家，
It's, it's not a place just to sleep, it is a proper home,
447
00:41:25,348 --> 00:41:30,556
人们开始装饰室内，
and people started to decorate the
houses from the, from the inside,
448
00:41:32,004 --> 00:41:34,651
人们开始投资他们的房子，
and people were starting to invest in their homes,
449
00:41:34,652 --> 00:41:37,099
正如我们提到的灰泥，
because if we are talking about plaster,
450
00:41:37,306 --> 00:41:42,850
它费时费力，房子涂刷石膏是很昂贵的。
it is time-consuming, it's effort-consuming,
it's very expensive to have plastered house.
451
00:41:47,713 --> 00:41:51,212
随着村庄越来越大，有更多的人在土地上劳作
As villages grew bigger, there were
more people to work on the land.
452
00:41:52,462 --> 00:41:55,565
更多的人可以生产更多的食物，更有效率，
More people could produce more food, more efficiently,
453
00:41:56,192 --> 00:41:58,816
足够养活社区内的工匠
enough to support specialists within the community.
454
00:42:00,847 --> 00:42:02,406
摆脱了农业的负担，
Freed from the burden of farming,
455
00:42:02,407 --> 00:42:07,965
有人得以发展新技能，新技术。
some people were able to develop
new skills, and new technologies.
456
00:42:13,613 --> 00:42:17,612
用石灰石制做石膏是一项重大的技术突破
Making plaster from limestone was
a major technological breakthrough.
457
00:42:19,817 --> 00:42:24,808
石头必须一次加热好几天，温度要达到1000度。
The stones had to be heated for days at
a time, at a temperature of 1,000 degrees.
458
00:42:27,567 --> 00:42:31,912
今天看来似乎微不足道，但了解如何利用火
It may seem insignificant today, but
understanding how to work with fire
459
00:42:32,254 --> 00:42:37,965
是锻造钢铁的第一步，这项技术将改变世界。
was the first step towards forging steel,
a technology that would transform the world.
460
00:43:10,970 --> 00:43:15,222
相比之下，像新几内亚这样的地方从未开发出先进的技术
By contrast, places like New Guinea
never developed advanced technology.
461
00:43:18,517 --> 00:43:20,595
即使在今天，高原人的工作方式
Even today, some people in the highlands
462
00:43:20,596 --> 00:43:24,274
几个世纪以来几乎没有改变。
are working in ways that have barely changed for centuries.
463
00:43:33,909 --> 00:43:35,866
上世纪60年代我第一次来到新几内亚时，
When I first came to New Guinea in the 1960s,
464
00:43:35,867 --> 00:43:39,423
岛上还有人在使用石斧这样的石器，
people were still using stone tools like this axe
465
00:43:39,879 --> 00:43:43,118
在欧洲人到来之前，
in parts of the island, and before European arrival,
466
00:43:43,408 --> 00:43:45,815
新几内亚各地都在使用石器。
people were using stone tools everywhere in New Guinea.
467
00:43:46,329 --> 00:43:49,379
那么，新几内亚为什么没开发出金属工具呢？
So why didn't New Guinea develop metal tools by itself?
468
00:43:49,991 --> 00:43:54,377
最后我意识到，要让金属工匠
And eventually I realized that to have metalworking specialists
469
00:43:54,597 --> 00:43:56,971
知道如何冶炼铜和铁，
who can figure out how to smelt copper and iron,
470
00:43:57,266 --> 00:44:00,423
就需要在农业社会里的其他人，
requires that the rest of the people in the society who were farmers,
471
00:44:00,877 --> 00:44:03,719
能够生产足够的粮食盈余来养活他们。
be able to generate enough food surpluses to feed them.
472
00:44:04,503 --> 00:44:06,689
但是，新几内亚的农业生产力
But New Guinea agriculture was not productive enough
473
00:44:06,690 --> 00:44:08,676
不足以产生这些粮食盈余，
to generate those food surpluses,
474
00:44:10,613 --> 00:44:14,471
其结果是没有专家，没有金属工匠，也就没有金属工具
and the result was no specialists,
no metalworkers, and no metal tools.
475
00:44:18,470 --> 00:44:21,275
新几内亚的生活方式是完全可行的。
The way of life in New Guinea was perfectly viable.
476
00:44:22,189 --> 00:44:25,019
它完好无损地存活了几千年。
It had survived intact for thousands of years.
477
00:44:27,127 --> 00:44:30,565
但据戴蒙德观点，没有技术上的进步，
But according to Diamond, people didn't advance technologically
478
00:44:30,567 --> 00:44:34,273
是需要花费太多的时间和精力养活自己
because they spent too much time
and energy feeding themselves.
479
00:44:36,974 --> 00:44:41,877
然后西方人来了，用他们的技术来殖民这个国家。
And then Westerners arrived, and used
their technology to colonize the country.
480
00:44:55,066 --> 00:44:56,491
然而虽有占有多种优势，
Yet for all its advantages,
481
00:44:56,492 --> 00:45:00,316
但新月沃土并没有成为现代世界的强国，
the Fertile Crescent is not the powerhouse of the modern world,
482
00:45:01,129 --> 00:45:03,674
也不再是曾经的面包篮。
nor is it the bread basket it once was.
483
00:45:04,911 --> 00:45:06,878
它是怎么失去了领先地位的？
How did it lose its head start?
484
00:45:12,727 --> 00:45:14,726
在出现的1000年内，
Within 1,000 years of their emergence,
485
00:45:15,112 --> 00:45:18,565
新月沃土的多数新村都被遗弃了
most of the new villages of the
Fertile Crescent were abandoned.
486
00:45:21,223 --> 00:45:24,520
具有讽刺意味的是，该地区有一个根本性的弱点
Ironically, the region had a fundamental weakness.
487
00:45:27,316 --> 00:45:30,566
尽管有地球上最具营养的作物，
Despite having some of the most
nutritious crops on the planet,
488
00:45:31,190 --> 00:45:32,533
但气候太干燥，
its climate was too dry,
489
00:45:32,534 --> 00:45:37,276
生态太脆弱，无法支持集约化农业的持续。
and its ecology too fragile, to
support continuous intensive farming.
490
00:45:40,518 --> 00:45:43,315
人们在破坏环境
People were destroying the environment.
491
00:45:44,221 --> 00:45:47,971
水资源被过度开发，树木被砍伐，
The waters had been over-exploited,
the trees had been cut,
492
00:45:48,441 --> 00:45:51,675
这就是这种时候，你，你，你面临着，终结
and this is what when, when, when you, when you face the, the end,
493
00:45:52,349 --> 00:45:54,378
我的意思是，对面的这堵墙。
I mean you are facing the wall.
494
00:45:59,565 --> 00:46:01,908
你最终看到这样的景观，
You will end with landscape like that,
495
00:46:01,909 --> 00:46:04,680
看到的是，树木稀少，
mean with, with few trees,
496
00:46:04,681 --> 00:46:07,852
没有草，水更少。
with no grass, and with less water.
497
00:46:10,659 --> 00:46:12,835
所以我们今天看到的
So what we are looking at today
498
00:46:12,836 --> 00:46:17,411
是过度开发环境的结果
is the outcome of over-exploiting the environment.
499
00:46:22,409 --> 00:46:26,555
由于无法耕种土地，整个社区被迫搬迁。
Unable to farm their land, entire
communities were forced to move on.
500
00:46:31,158 --> 00:46:35,806
几个世纪驯化积累的优势可能已经丧失了。
The advantages they'd accrued from centuries
of domestication might have been lost.
501
00:46:40,315 --> 00:46:43,066
不过，地理因素再次神助。
But again, geography was on their side.
502
00:46:47,462 --> 00:46:51,847
新月沃土位于巨大欧亚大陆的中央。
The Fertile Crescent is on the middle of a huge land mass, Eurasia.
503
00:46:52,612 --> 00:46:54,714
有足够的地方可以耕种，最重要的是，
There were plenty of places for farming to spread,
504
00:46:55,403 --> 00:47:00,367
这类地方多数位于新月沃土的东部和西部，
and crucially, many of those places were to
the east and west of the Fertile Crescent,
505
00:47:00,630 --> 00:47:02,462
纬度大致相同
at roughly the same line of latitude.
506
00:47:05,661 --> 00:47:06,848
为什么这么重要？
Why's that so important?
507
00:47:08,066 --> 00:47:10,666
因为地球上任何纬度相同的两个点
Because any two points of the
globe that share the same latitude
508
00:47:11,098 --> 00:47:13,214
都会享有相同的一天，
automatically share the same length of day,
509
00:47:14,714 --> 00:47:17,305
而且通常分享相似的气候和植被。
and they often share a similar climate and vegetation.
510
00:47:21,756 --> 00:47:24,463
在新月沃土地带驯养的农作物或动物能沿着
Crops or animals domesticated in the Fertile Crescent
511
00:47:24,975 --> 00:47:29,809
欧亚大陆东西轴的其他地方繁衍
were able to prosper at other places
along the east-west axis of Eurasia.
512
00:47:33,305 --> 00:47:38,714
小麦和大麦、绵羊和山羊、牛和猪都从新月沃土传播开
Wheat and barley, sheep and goats, cows and
pigs all spread from the Fertile Crescent,
513
00:47:39,036 --> 00:47:42,664
向东到印度，西到北非和欧洲。
east towards India and west
towards North Africa and Europe.
514
00:47:44,066 --> 00:47:47,099
所到之处都改变了人类社会
Wherever they went they transformed human societies.
515
00:47:51,754 --> 00:47:54,909
新月沃土的庄稼和动物一到埃及，
Once the crops and animals of the
Fertile Crescent reached Egypt,
516
00:47:55,895 --> 00:47:58,318
就引起了文明的爆炸
they caused an explosion of civilization.
517
00:48:21,962 --> 00:48:25,351
突然有足够的食物来供养法老和将军，
Suddenly there was enough food
to feed the pharaohs and generals,
518
00:48:26,256 --> 00:48:32,068
工程师和文士，以及建造金字塔所需的人民军队
the engineers and scribes, and the armies
of people required to build the pyramids.
519
00:48:43,915 --> 00:48:46,255
欧洲文明也是如此。
The same is true of European civilization.
520
00:48:48,816 --> 00:48:50,714
从远古到文艺复兴时期，
From ancient times until the Renaissance,
521
00:48:50,815 --> 00:48:54,213
新月沃土的庄稼和动物
the crops and animals of the Fertile Crescent
522
00:48:54,598 --> 00:48:58,213
养育着欧洲的艺术家、发明家和士兵
fed the artists, inventors and soldiers of Europe.
523
00:49:06,412 --> 00:49:07,688
在16世纪，
In the 16th century,
524
00:49:07,689 --> 00:49:11,964
欧洲人把同样农作物和动物带到了新大陆
the same crops and animals were
taken by Europeans to the New World.
525
00:49:15,464 --> 00:49:19,506
当时在整个美洲没有一头牛或一粒麦子
At the time there was not a single cow
or ear of wheat in all the Americas.
526
00:49:23,257 --> 00:49:26,348
现在仅美国就有1亿头牛。
Now there are 100 million cattle in the US alone.
527
00:49:28,707 --> 00:49:31,996
美国人每年消耗2000万吨小麦。
And Americans consume 20 million tons of wheat a year.
528
00:49:36,060 --> 00:49:38,901
现代工业化的美国如果没有新月沃土的农业传播，
Modern industrialised America would be unthinkable
529
00:49:38,902 --> 00:49:42,343
那将是不可想象的
whitout the spread of farming from the Fertile Crescent.
530
00:49:47,436 --> 00:49:50,836
有人认为贾里德·戴蒙德的论点过于简单，
There are some who think Jared Diamond's argument is too neat and easy.
531
00:49:53,950 --> 00:49:58,245
能把财富和权力的分配，最终归结到牛和小麦吗？
Can the distribution of wealth and power
really be reduced to cattle and wheat?
532
00:50:00,401 --> 00:50:03,088
文化、政治和宗教呢？
What about culture, politics and religion?
533
00:50:03,792 --> 00:50:05,742
他们当然也一样重要
Surely they've been just as important
534
00:50:08,242 --> 00:50:11,148
戴蒙德因过于武断而被批评，
Diamond's been criticized for being too deterministic,
535
00:50:11,794 --> 00:50:15,359
因为忽视了塑造自己命运的人类。
for ignoring the part people have
played in shaping their own destiny.
536
00:50:21,945 --> 00:50:25,148
我在新几内亚的岁月使我相信，
My years in New Guinea have convinced
me that people around the world
537
00:50:25,149 --> 00:50:26,952
世界各地的人基本上是相似的。
are fundamentally similar.
538
00:50:30,183 --> 00:50:34,650
到处都有聪明、机智、充满活力的人。
Wherever you go, you can fi nd people
who are smart, resourceful and dynamic.
539
00:50:36,337 --> 00:50:38,898
没有哪个社会能垄断这些特质
No society has a monopoly on those traits.
540
00:50:43,650 --> 00:50:46,101
当然有巨大的文化差异，
Of course there are huge cultural differences,
541
00:50:46,102 --> 00:50:49,152
但它们主要是不平等的结果，
but they'e mainly the result of inequality,
542
00:50:49,463 --> 00:50:50,796
而不是根本原因
they'e not its root cause.
543
00:50:56,587 --> 00:51:00,795
归根结底，更重要的是人们手里的底牌，
Ultimately what's far more important is the hand that people have been dealt,
544
00:51:01,639 --> 00:51:03,946
即他们拥有的原材料。
the raw materials they've had at their disposal.
545
00:51:07,039 --> 00:51:12,701
新几内亚人从欧亚大陆获得猪，但没有牛、绵羊或山羊，
New Guineans acquired pigs from
Eurasia, but not cows or sheep or goats,
546
00:51:13,212 --> 00:51:15,402
没有马、小麦或大麦。
or horses, or wheat or barley.
547
00:51:17,650 --> 00:51:20,497
他们的发展道路与欧洲人和美洲人不同，
They didn't develop in the same way as Europeans or Americans,
548
00:51:21,088 --> 00:51:23,545
因为他们没有相同的原材料。
because they didn't have the same raw materials.
549
00:51:29,701 --> 00:51:33,992
我并不是说世界上的那些分裂是一成不变的
I'm not saying that those divisions of the
world are set in stone and can't be changed;
550
00:51:35,203 --> 00:51:36,337
恰恰相反。
it's quite the opposite.
551
00:51:38,245 --> 00:51:41,296
巴布亚新几内亚的城镇越来越大，越来越发达，
The towns of Papua New Guinea are
becoming bigger and more developed,
552
00:51:42,242 --> 00:51:46,587
现代的新几内亚人试图跟上世界其他地方。
populated by modern New Guineans trying
to keep up with the rest of the world.
553
00:51:53,305 --> 00:51:57,495
不幸的是，他们仍有很大的差距需要克服。
Unfortunately for them, there's still a big gap to overcome.
554
00:52:04,181 --> 00:52:08,899
为什么白人有这么多货物，而我们新几内亚人却很少？
Why you white man have so much cargo
and we New Guineans have so little?
555
00:52:10,451 --> 00:52:12,997
三十年前，亚利让我大吃一惊。
Yali caught me by surprise 30 years ago.
556
00:52:13,446 --> 00:52:17,242
那时我不知道，但现在我想我知道了答案。
I had no idea what to say to him then
but now I think I know the answer.
557
00:52:17,805 --> 00:52:19,705
亚利不缺乏创造力，
Yali it wasn't for lack of ingenuity
558
00:52:19,706 --> 00:52:22,805
而是你们的人民没有现代科技。
that your people didn't end up with modern technology.
559
00:52:23,197 --> 00:52:27,495
他们巧妙地主宰了新几内亚的艰苦环境
They had the ingenuity to master these
difficult New Guinea environments.
560
00:52:28,061 --> 00:52:31,452
问题的全部答案就是地理
Instead the whole answer to your question was geography.
561
00:52:32,268 --> 00:52:36,696
如果你们和我们享有同样的地理优势，
If your people had enjoyed the same
geographic advantages as my people,
562
00:52:36,984 --> 00:52:39,655
你们会发明直升飞机。
your people would have been
the ones to invent helicopters.
563
00:52:50,956 --> 00:52:53,206
贾里德·戴蒙德开始探索
Jared Diamond set out to explore
564
00:52:53,207 --> 00:52:56,656
世界的贫富分化。
the division of the world into haves and have nots.
565
00:52:58,057 --> 00:53:02,657
他确信分化的蓝图就在土地本身
He's convinced the blueprint for that
division lies within the land itself.
566
00:53:10,658 --> 00:53:12,658
但是，他看待世界的方式
But can his way of seeing the world
567
00:53:12,659 --> 00:53:15,858
真的能揭示人类历史的转折点吗？
really shed light on the turning points of human history?
568
00:53:22,659 --> 00:53:26,859
它能解释为什么几百个欧洲人就征服了新世界，
Can it explain how a few hundred
Europeans conquered the New World,
569
00:53:29,060 --> 00:53:31,259
并开创了一个统治时代吗？
and began an age of domination?
570
00:53:33,360 --> 00:53:37,560
枪炮、病菌和钢铁的时代。
The age of guns, germs and steel.
571
00:53:39,561 --> 00:53:42,561
Sunpiny 翻译