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[Events]
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Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.32,0:00:11.84,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,We live on a world of wonders.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.84,0:00:17.12,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,A place of astonishing beauty and complexity.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.38,0:00:22.88,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,There are vast oceans and incredible weather.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.16,0:00:26.36,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Giant mountains
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.36,0:00:28.12,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,and stunning landscapes.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.80,0:00:38.40,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,I'm a physicist,and I'm fascinated by the way that the universal laws of nature
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.40,0:00:43.88,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,that made all this,also created such diverse and different worlds
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.88,0:00:46.36,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,out there in the solar system.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.44,0:00:53.12,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,I think we're living through the greatest age of discovery our civilisation has known.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.12,0:00:57.72,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,We've voyaged to the farthest reaches of the solar system.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.72,0:01:01.28,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,We've photographed strange new worlds,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.44,0:01:06.08,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,stood in unfamiliar landscapes,tasted alien air.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.00,0:01:13.64,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,But the one thing we haven't found on those worlds
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.64,0:01:17.16,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,is the thing that makes our planet unique.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.04,0:01:22.04,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Life.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.48,0:01:24.44,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,But is that really true?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.44,0:01:29.56,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Is the Earth the only place in the solar system that could support life?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.88,0:01:38.08,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,In this film we will search the solar system for worlds that harbour the conditions to support life.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.12,0:01:48.68,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,What we find on these worlds may help us answer the question,are we alone in the universe?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.32,0:01:57.16,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,That's not only one of the great fundamental questions for science,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.16,0:02:02.76,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,but one of the great unanswered questions in human history.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.28,0:02:39.08,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Floating in the Sea of Cortez off the cost of Mexico is the research vessel Atlantis,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.08,0:02:44.32,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,the mother ship for the exploration of one of the most alien worlds we know.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.80,0:02:51.88,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,But it's an alien world on our planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.76,0:03:09.92,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,The Atlantis is the launch vessel for Alvin,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.92,0:03:14.00,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,one of the world's most rugged submarines.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.00,0:03:16.56,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Built like a spacecraft,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.56,0:03:20.40,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,it's designed to explore the deepest depths of the ocean.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.16,0:03:26.88,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,And I'm lucky enough to have hitched a ride down to the sea floor,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.88,0:03:29.68,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,two kilometres beneath the surface.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.76,0:03:37.52,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,That has got to be the closest thing to going into space that you can do.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.52,0:03:42.40,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,And,given that I'm not going to go into space any time soon,I think it's the next best thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.52,0:03:46.44,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,See you in eight hours.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.32,0:04:05.60,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Roger,Alvin. Your checks are good. Permission to dive.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.80,0:04:08.48,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Roger. Alvin diving.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.28,0:04:20.48,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,The parallels to spaceflight are obvious.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.48,0:04:25.20,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,As the tiny capsule descends,we are leaving the familiar world
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.20,0:04:30.48,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,of the surface of our planet,and entering a strange,hostile world.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.00,0:04:40.76,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,If anything goes wrong,we will be completely on our own.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.28,0:04:51.16,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,MACHINE BEEPS
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.04,0:04:56.20,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Beeping is never good.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.88,0:05:03.40,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,'Fortunately,Alvin is one of only a handful of submarines
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.40,0:05:07.00,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,'that can withstand the colossal pressure of the deep ocean.'
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.92,0:05:14.48,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,At the Earth's surface,we're used to one atmosphere of pressure.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.48,0:05:21.00,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,As we descend,the pressure increases by another atmosphere every ten metres.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.00,0:05:23.40,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,And it soon adds up.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.92,0:05:34.28,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,We're approaching a kilometre deep. The pressure outside there is now
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.28,0:05:40.80,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,100 atmospheres,that's higher than the atmospheric pressure on the surface of Venus.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.80,0:05:46.76,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Without knowing,if you were asked a question,could life exist down here,100 atmospheres,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.76,0:05:50.64,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,cold,dark no sign of sunlight at all,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.64,0:05:54.36,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,it's pitch black there,you would say no.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.36,0:05:56.88,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Well,I would say no.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.84,0:06:05.44,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,But the depths of the ocean are not lifeless.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.44,0:06:08.24,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Illuminated by Alvin's lights,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.24,0:06:13.08,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,we find oases of life in the deserts of the ocean floor.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.68,0:06:23.16,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,So we have landed,after about an hour of descent.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.16,0:06:26.64,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,We've just stopped in the most incredible place.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.64,0:06:29.12,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Look at those.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.12,0:06:32.24,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,We've landed on top of the tube worms.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.20,0:06:35.00,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Amazing things.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.36,0:06:48.92,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,This underwater city is one of the most bizarre environments on our planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.20,0:07:07.84,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,It's built around a hydrothermal vent,a volcanic opening in the Earth's crust
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.84,0:07:15.16,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,that pumps out clouds of sulphurous chemicals and water heated to nearly 300 Celsius.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.16,0:07:22.56,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,And somehow,life has found a way to thrive in these most extreme conditions.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.16,0:07:33.12,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,This is a genuinely remarkable place.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.12,0:07:36.72,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,There are mats,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.72,0:07:41.08,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,carpets of yellow bacteria.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.52,0:07:46.80,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Look at that. It's not only just bacterial blobs,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.80,0:07:49.08,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,there is real complex organisms.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.08,0:07:52.84,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Alien. I want to say that word,alien environment.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.84,0:07:54.48,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,It really is alien to us.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.64,0:08:02.80,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,For me,the fascinating thing about finding life down here
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.80,0:08:04.92,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,is that the conditions on the
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.92,0:08:09.56,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,deep ocean floor are more similar in many ways to the conditions on
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.56,0:08:13.32,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,worlds hundreds of millions of kilometres away out there
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.32,0:08:19.64,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,in the solar system than they are to the conditions just two kilometres from my head on the Earth's surface.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.64,0:08:23.68,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,It's incredibly dark,there is no sunlight,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.68,0:08:27.64,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,there's a brutal mixture of hot and cold water,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.64,0:08:30.12,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,and just rock and minerals.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.12,0:08:36.60,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,So,if life can not only survive but even flourish in these conditions,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.60,0:08:40.40,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,then you've got to feel that it's much more likely that life can
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.40,0:08:44.32,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,also survive and flourish out there in the solar system.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.88,0:08:57.08,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Ever since the invention of the telescope 400 years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.08,0:09:02.28,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,we have looked to our neighbouring worlds for signs of life.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.12,0:09:11.48,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,As technology has improved,we've been able to search the planets in more and more detail,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.48,0:09:14.24,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,and we have found nothing.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.76,0:09:19.20,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,But that doesn't mean the rest of the solar system is dead,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.20,0:09:23.60,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,because we're only beginning to scratch the surface of what's out there.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.92,0:09:32.24,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,There are literally hundreds of other worlds.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.24,0:09:36.40,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Planets and their moons which we have barely explored.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.28,0:09:45.92,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Among them may be worlds that hold the conditions to support life.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.04,0:09:52.60,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,And the best way to find out what those conditions are
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.60,0:09:56.84,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,is to look at the one place we know life flourishes.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.64,0:10:01.16,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,The Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.20,0:10:15.16,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Life is pretty much only chemistry.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.16,0:10:19.08,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,It's just the reactions between atoms and molecules.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.08,0:10:22.40,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,And so for life to exist,you only really need three things.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.40,0:10:25.76,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,First of all,you need the right chemistry set.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.76,0:10:29.64,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Now,I'm made of something like 40 elements,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.64,0:10:32.48,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,almost half of the known elements,which is pretty complicated.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.48,0:10:38.52,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,But actually 96% of me is only made of four of them,carbon,nitrogen,oxygen and hydrogen.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.52,0:10:41.04,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Secondly,you need a power source.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.04,0:10:45.64,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,You need a battery,something to make a flow of electrons
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.64,0:10:48.56,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,that powers the processes of life.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.56,0:10:54.64,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Now here on Earth,most life uses the power of the sun.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.64,0:11:00.80,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,And thirdly,you need some kind of medium for life to play itself out in,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.80,0:11:02.92,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,for processes to happen.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.92,0:11:05.12,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,And here on Earth,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.12,0:11:08.56,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,you don't have to look very far at all to find that medium,that solvent.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.56,0:11:11.84,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Because it's this,water.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.24,0:11:36.36,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,If you want to see how important water is to life,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.36,0:11:41.00,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,there's no better place to come than the Atacama desert in Chile.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.52,0:11:53.04,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,The soil here is more sterile than a hospital operating theatre.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.04,0:11:57.80,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,In fact,scientists have looked for the most basic form of life,bacteria,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.80,0:12:02.72,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,in some parts of the Atacama,and they found absolutely nothing.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.96,0:12:10.28,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,All deserts are characterised by a lack of moisture.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.28,0:12:13.28,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,But the Atacama takes that to the extremes.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.84,0:12:19.96,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,The Sahara is 50 times wetter than the Atacama.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.96,0:12:24.20,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,There are weather stations here that have measured 1mm of rainfall in 10 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.20,0:12:28.32,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,There are river valleys that have been dry for 120,000 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.32,0:12:34.72,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,There are rocks that haven't seen rainfall for 20 million years.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.12,0:12:45.68,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,It's this dryness that explains why nothing can survive here.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.68,0:12:50.48,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Even the most primitive form of life on Earth,the bacteria,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.48,0:12:53.04,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,need water for their survival.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.04,0:12:55.08,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,And there are no exceptions.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.08,0:12:59.32,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,And this seemingly fundamental link between water and life
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.32,0:13:03.20,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,is driving the search for life out there in the solar system.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.20,0:13:06.36,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Because,wherever we find water,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.36,0:13:10.60,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,that will be the best place to look for life beyond the Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.60,0:13:21.16,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,The Earth is the only planet that currently has liquid water on its surface.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.16,0:13:24.68,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,The other planets are either too close to the sun,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.68,0:13:28.80,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,like Mercury,and baked dry.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:28.80,0:13:31.56,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Or they are too far away.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.56,0:13:39.36,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Saturn's rings are made of water,but in the depths of space,it's frozen into lumps of solid ice.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.96,0:13:49.00,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,But that doesn't mean that liquid water has never existed elsewhere in the solar system.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:49.00,0:13:53.36,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,And if it has,we should be able to find the evidence,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.28,0:13:59.68,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,because wherever water goes,it leaves its footprints.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:10.32,0:14:15.32,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,These are the Scablands,a remote part of the North Western United States.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:15.32,0:14:21.12,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,It's one of the most spectacular places to come to see how water
Dialogue: 0,0:14:21.12,0:14:24.56,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,carves its signature into the landscape.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:31.60,0:14:35.24,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,The largest flood on Earth went through this area here.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:35.24,0:14:40.40,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Jim Rice is an astro-geologist. He believes that understanding the events that created this landscape
Dialogue: 0,0:14:40.40,0:14:44.36,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,can help in the search for water on other planets.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:44.36,0:14:48.92,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,We are kind of like CSI arriving at the scene of a crime,this is the evidence left here.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:48.92,0:14:53.80,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,We've come to piece it together. I can see this is not a normal river system.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:53.80,0:14:55.96,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,You can see,because it is so straight.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:55.96,0:15:01.08,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,There is no meandering of a river here,it's just a big hole.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:08.36,0:15:13.40,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,This entire landscape was created at the end of the last Ice Age.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:16.64,0:15:24.32,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,200 miles to the east lay a huge lake,held in place by a wall of glacial ice.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:25.84,0:15:34.84,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,When that wall ruptured,over 2,000 cubic kilometres of water swept out in a single catastrophic event.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:39.40,0:15:41.72,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,The flood waters were at least 400 feet deep here.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:41.72,0:15:45.48,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,But actually they were another 200 feet stacked on top of that,coming across here.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:45.48,0:15:49.36,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,So we would be under 200 feet of water standing right here.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:49.36,0:15:52.68,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,So am I to imagine a wave?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:52.68,0:15:56.20,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Yeah,a massive wave rolling,rumbling,this water would
Dialogue: 0,0:15:56.20,0:15:58.96,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,be charged full of big chunks of ice from that ice dam.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:58.96,0:16:04.40,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,It would be loaded with big chunks of the salt bed rock being gouged,ripped out of here.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:04.40,0:16:06.08,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,It would be an impressive sight.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:16.20,0:16:22.40,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,As the floodwaters tore across the landscape,they carved out this 20 mile long canyon.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:25.12,0:16:29.36,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,And at its head,it left these giant horseshoes.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:29.36,0:16:33.48,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,At over 400 feet high and five miles across,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:33.48,0:16:38.44,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,this was the largest waterfall the world has ever known.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:45.52,0:16:50.92,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,The easiest way of thinking about it is if you took every river in the world,put them in
Dialogue: 0,0:16:50.92,0:16:56.44,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,the same location,had them flowing at the same time,these floods are 10 times larger than that.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:56.44,0:17:01.48,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,And how long do we think it took to sculpt this landscape?
Dialogue: 0,0:17:01.48,0:17:03.60,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,48 hours to a week.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:03.60,0:17:05.88,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,It's instantaneous,geologically.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:08.60,0:17:12.48,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,The Scablands reveal the characteristic signature
Dialogue: 0,0:17:12.48,0:17:15.36,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,that water carves into the landscape.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:16.92,0:17:22.20,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,It's a signature that can be seen from space,and not just on the Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:25.76,0:17:31.48,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,When we turn our telescopes on our next door neighbour and prime candidate for finding
Dialogue: 0,0:17:31.48,0:17:33.92,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,alien life,the planet Mars,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:33.92,0:17:38.92,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,we find almost identical features cut into its surface.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:45.00,0:17:50.16,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,The Red Planet is covered in outflow channels.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:50.16,0:17:54.24,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Straight,wide canyons,exactly like the Scablands.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:56.84,0:18:01.84,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,And they are filled with identical geological features.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:11.92,0:18:18.24,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,It all suggests that similar huge floods once tore across the surface of Mars.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:18.24,0:18:22.20,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,This is a picture of here from the air.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:22.20,0:18:24.48,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,I am sat somewhere around here.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:24.48,0:18:32.76,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,And here are the horseshoe shapes of the dry folds which are just over there.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:32.76,0:18:37.84,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,This is a picture taken of the surface of Mars,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:37.84,0:18:42.84,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,and you see those typical horseshoe shapes of the folds.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:42.84,0:18:49.48,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Also,you see the structures upstream of the folds,these grooves cut into the landscape.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:49.48,0:18:54.68,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,And you see that here,grooves cut into the landscape as the water
Dialogue: 0,0:18:54.68,0:18:58.52,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,cascades down and then flows over the folds
Dialogue: 0,0:18:58.52,0:19:02.72,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,and cuts the gigantic valleys out as it moves downstream.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:03.56,0:19:10.60,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,So,all this adds up,I think,to an overwhelming smoking gun
Dialogue: 0,0:19:10.60,0:19:15.24,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,that there were vast amounts of water that flowed very quickly
Dialogue: 0,0:19:15.24,0:19:18.92,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,over the surface of Mars at some point in the past.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:22.32,0:19:29.04,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,But although the outflow channels are proof that liquid water once flowed across Mars,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:29.04,0:19:31.92,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,it may not point to the existence of life.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:35.64,0:19:42.24,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Because if the Martian landscapes were formed by the same processes that formed the Scablands on Earth,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:42.24,0:19:47.32,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,the floods that created them may only have lasted a matter of days.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:52.48,0:19:55.96,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,For life to get a foothold,you need more than that.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:55.96,0:20:00.16,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,You need areas of standing water.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:00.16,0:20:06.52,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Lakes and rivers that persist for millions of years.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:06.52,0:20:12.40,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,In order to look for evidence of that standing water,we've done the only thing we can,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:12.40,0:20:17.32,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,we have sent an army of robotic explorers to the surface of the planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:18.48,0:20:20.56,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,We have touch down,we have touch down.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:26.36,0:20:28.84,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Over the last 35 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:28.84,0:20:33.24,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,we've landed six robot probes on Mars.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:33.24,0:20:40.76,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,And one of them,Opportunity,is still rolling across the surface,investigating the Martian geology.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:51.44,0:20:55.20,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,The Mars rovers has really captured our imaginations.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:55.20,0:21:00.92,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,I suppose,because they genuinely are explorers in the old-fashioned sense.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:00.92,0:21:05.64,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,They are the extension of our senses to the surface of another world.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:05.64,0:21:09.24,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,But they have also been very important scientifically,because
Dialogue: 0,0:21:09.24,0:21:12.28,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,you can't really get to know another planet from orbit.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:12.28,0:21:16.56,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,You have got to get down to the surface,you've got to touch it,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:16.56,0:21:20.68,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,you've got to dig down and examine it microscopically.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:20.68,0:21:24.12,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,And the Rovers really have,by doing that,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:24.12,0:21:28.80,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,made some extremely important scientific discoveries.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:36.56,0:21:43.32,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,One of the most significant of those discoveries was made in November 2004.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:43.32,0:21:49.44,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,The Opportunity rover was examining an impact feature called the Endurance crater,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:49.44,0:21:53.16,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,when it detected deposits of a remarkable mineral.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:09.20,0:22:14.00,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,This is the world's largest salt works on the Baha peninsula in Mexico.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:14.00,0:22:21.08,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,And what they do here is pump sea water into these lagoons and let it evaporate.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:21.08,0:22:26.00,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,What they're after is this stuff,which is sodium chloride,table salt.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:26.00,0:22:30.88,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,But,at different stages,different salts,different minerals,crystallise out.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:30.88,0:22:35.92,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,So all the things really that are in sea water emerge,crystallise out
Dialogue: 0,0:22:35.92,0:22:38.60,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,at different stages of the process.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:47.68,0:22:54.56,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,In one of the lagoons,pond number nine,the sea water is at exactly the right concentration
Dialogue: 0,0:22:54.56,0:23:00.72,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,to precipitate out these beautiful crystals that cover the entire floor of the lagoon.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:09.64,0:23:12.44,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,This is gypsum,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:12.44,0:23:18.44,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,and it's exactly the same stuff that Opportunity found on the surface of Mars.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:18.44,0:23:23.44,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Now,what's interesting about that discovery is how you make gypsum.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:23.44,0:23:30.40,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,You see,its chemical formula is CaSO4.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:30.44,0:23:32.50,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,So it's calcium sulphate.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:33.50,0:23:38.80,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Dihydrate,2H2O.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:38.80,0:23:40.64,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,That's water.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:40.64,0:23:48.08,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,So,the only way we know of,the only way to make gypsum here on Earth,is to have calcium
Dialogue: 0,0:23:48.08,0:23:52.28,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,and sulphate ions in the presence of liquid water.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:52.28,0:23:57.20,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,So,large deposits of gypsum on the surface of Mars tells you
Dialogue: 0,0:23:57.20,0:24:03.24,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,that there must have been big areas of water present for a very long time.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:06.00,0:24:09.80,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,The discovery of gypsum has helped to build a picture
Dialogue: 0,0:24:09.80,0:24:13.44,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,of an ancient Mars that was much warmer and wetter.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:15.72,0:24:20.80,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Subsequent discoveries of gypsum in networks of sand dunes
Dialogue: 0,0:24:20.80,0:24:25.92,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,suggest that large areas of Mars were once covered in standing water.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:30.36,0:24:34.84,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,And where there is standing water,there is the chance of life.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:38.72,0:24:41.36,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,This area of the salt flats is,we think,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:41.36,0:24:45.56,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,very similar to areas that have been seen on Mars.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:45.56,0:24:49.12,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,And it certainly looks extremely inhospitable.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:49.12,0:24:52.68,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,It's hard at first sight to see how anything could live here.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:52.68,0:24:55.68,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,But,if you just dig
Dialogue: 0,0:24:55.68,0:24:57.92,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,a tiny bit below the surface,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:57.92,0:25:03.88,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,then you see that this layer of gypsum is only a few millimetres thick,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:03.88,0:25:08.56,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,and then immediately the ground beneath it turns this greeny colour.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:08.56,0:25:15.36,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,It's green because that is bacteria that thrive in these seemingly inhospitable conditions.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:15.36,0:25:18.20,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Now if these bacteria can survive here,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:18.20,0:25:25.20,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,then there seems to be no good reason why they couldn't also have survived and even flourished on Mars
Dialogue: 0,0:25:25.20,0:25:29.92,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,when there was water present at some point in the very distant past.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:34.44,0:25:37.84,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,But although it may once have been more hospitable,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:37.84,0:25:42.80,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,any liquid water has long since disappeared from the surface of Mars.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:45.64,0:25:51.24,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,About three billion years ago,it died as a planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:51.24,0:25:57.16,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Its core froze and the volcanoes that had produced its atmosphere seized up.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:00.08,0:26:04.80,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,The solar wind stripped away the remains of that atmosphere.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:04.80,0:26:07.80,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Any liquid water would have evaporated
Dialogue: 0,0:26:07.80,0:26:11.04,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,or soaked into the soil where it froze.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:12.12,0:26:16.36,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,It left the surface of Mars too cold,too exposed
Dialogue: 0,0:26:16.36,0:26:19.24,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,and too dry to support life.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:25.52,0:26:30.36,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,It's highly unlikely that there will be life on the surface of Mars today.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:30.36,0:26:34.80,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,But that's not to say that life couldn't exist somewhere on the Red Planet,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:34.80,0:26:37.72,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,maybe we're just looking in the wrong place.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:40.04,0:26:43.72,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,There are other potential habitats for life on Mars.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:45.52,0:26:50.40,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Detailed pictures of the surface show the entrances to caves,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:50.40,0:26:54.84,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,revealing the existence of a world beneath the Martian surface.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:58.84,0:27:00.92,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,We know there may be water down there.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:00.92,0:27:07.04,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Satellite data shows permafrost,ice frozen in the soil.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:07.04,0:27:12.36,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Deep below the surface,that ice may melt to form liquid water.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:17.84,0:27:22.04,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,It all hints at an undiscovered subterranean world
Dialogue: 0,0:27:22.04,0:27:26.52,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,that may be a more likely place to find life.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:47.68,0:27:51.56,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,If you were to imagine the perfect habitat for life,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:51.56,0:27:54.88,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,then it would surely be somewhere like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:54.88,0:27:56.96,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,A warm climate,lots of liquid water,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:56.96,0:28:01.24,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,a beautiful,dense atmosphere.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:01.24,0:28:05.96,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,You see the results everywhere,just life everywhere you look.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:08.36,0:28:12.44,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,All the life we're familiar with thrives in pretty much the same
Dialogue: 0,0:28:12.44,0:28:18.16,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,conditions that we do,driven by the heat and light of the sun.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:18.16,0:28:21.32,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,But this is by no means the only life on Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:25.80,0:28:30.56,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,There's another living planet hidden beneath the surface
Dialogue: 0,0:28:30.56,0:28:33.52,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,that exists in completely different conditions.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:33.52,0:28:39.04,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,It raises fascinating possibilities for the caves on Mars.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:47.80,0:28:50.80,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,This is the Cueva de Villa Luz in Tabasco,Mexico,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:50.80,0:28:52.64,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,the Cave of the House of Light.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:52.64,0:28:57.36,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,And it is the definition of a hostile environment to me.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:57.36,0:29:02.04,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Because (HE SNIFFS) it's full of hydrogen sulphide gas,hence
Dialogue: 0,0:29:02.04,0:29:08.64,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,the gas monitor which says at the moment one part per million hydrogen sulphide,very toxic for me,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:08.64,0:29:13.52,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,which is why I have got this gas mask in case it all gets too much.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:13.52,0:29:17.00,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,So,it's a place where you,at first sight,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:17.00,0:29:22.32,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,would not expect a great many life forms to survive and flourish.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:50.52,0:29:56.48,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Although the cave is a death-trap for us,that doesn't mean that nothing lives here.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:56.48,0:29:58.76,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,In fact,it's teeming with life.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:01.76,0:30:06.60,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Look at these fish,just everywhere in the cave water. And they're
Dialogue: 0,0:30:06.60,0:30:09.60,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,adapted to live in these conditions.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:09.60,0:30:11.72,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,In fact,if you look at them closely,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:11.72,0:30:13.52,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,they're quite pink.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:13.52,0:30:17.08,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,That's thought to be because they've got lots of haemoglobin
Dialogue: 0,0:30:17.08,0:30:19.60,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,because there's not much oxygen down here,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:19.60,0:30:24.72,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,so they need to have an efficient way of moving oxygen around their bodies.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:24.72,0:30:26.24,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Beautiful.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:32.12,0:30:36.56,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,But the really interesting life is found in the depths of the caves,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:36.56,0:30:42.40,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,where the concentration of poisonous gas is high enough to set off my alarm.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:43.92,0:30:46.68,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Down here,far from the light of the sun,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:46.68,0:30:51.20,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,are organisms whose energy source comes from the air around them.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:53.48,0:30:59.32,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,They use the hydrogen sulphide gas bubbling up through these springs.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:59.32,0:31:03.56,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,The same gas that could be fatally poisonous to me
Dialogue: 0,0:31:03.56,0:31:05.68,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,is their source of life.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:16.12,0:31:19.52,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,These things are what I came deep underground to see.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:19.52,0:31:25.04,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,These are snottites. And you can see why they're called that.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:25.04,0:31:30.96,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,They're really one of the most alien life forms that I can conceive of
Dialogue: 0,0:31:30.96,0:31:32.12,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,on the Earth
Dialogue: 0,0:31:32.12,0:31:37.48,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Because they metabolise hydrogen sulphide,so they metabolise this
Dialogue: 0,0:31:37.48,0:31:41.72,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,faintly acidic and nasty gas that I'm just breathing in now.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:41.72,0:31:46.48,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,You can almost feel it on your tongue,actually,the acidity of it.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:46.48,0:31:51.92,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,They metabolise it,they react it with oxygen,and they produce sulphuric acid.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:51.92,0:31:56.84,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,So their breathing process,if you like,their version of what I do,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:56.84,0:32:00.80,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,I breathe in oxygen,react that with sugars and breathe out CO2 and get energy
Dialogue: 0,0:32:00.80,0:32:06.60,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,these guys breathe in hydrogen sulphide and oxygen and produce sulphuric acid.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:06.60,0:32:08.88,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,In fact,I can test it here with this.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:17.20,0:32:19.84,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Yes,you see,look at that.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:19.84,0:32:25.88,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,That,well,what looks like water,that secretion of dripping off the snottites,has actually got a pH...
Dialogue: 0,0:32:25.88,0:32:30.12,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,well,it's now about between 0.5 and 0.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:30.12,0:32:31.88,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,That's strong acid.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:31.88,0:32:34.56,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,That's as strong as battery acid.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:34.56,0:32:38.92,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,It's actually highly concentrated sulphuric acid.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:38.92,0:32:42.28,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,So,what a strange organism.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:42.28,0:32:44.88,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Alien in every sense of the word.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:44.88,0:32:49.52,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Except that it's present on,well,just below the surface,of our planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:53.36,0:32:56.12,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,And the snottites are not alone.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:56.12,0:33:00.28,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Organisms that can extract energy from the minerals around them
Dialogue: 0,0:33:00.28,0:33:02.72,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,are found under the ground all over the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:04.96,0:33:09.00,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,In fact,this way of life is so successful that it's thought there
Dialogue: 0,0:33:09.00,0:33:14.92,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,may be more life living beneath the Earth's surface than there is on it.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:16.24,0:33:19.72,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,And that raises an intriguing possibility.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:19.72,0:33:23.80,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,If life can thrive below the Earth's surface,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:23.80,0:33:28.24,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,why couldn't organisms like snottites survive and flourish
Dialogue: 0,0:33:28.24,0:33:30.44,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,beneath the surface of Mars?
Dialogue: 0,0:33:34.88,0:33:38.12,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,If you think about it,living below the surface of Mars might actually
Dialogue: 0,0:33:38.12,0:33:42.36,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,be quite a good idea,because the surface is incredibly hostile.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:42.36,0:33:46.24,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,It's subjected to intense ultraviolet radiation from the sun.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:46.24,0:33:49.96,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,It's a very cold place,and the atmospheric pressure doesn't
Dialogue: 0,0:33:49.96,0:33:53.00,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,allow liquid water to exist on the surface.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:53.00,0:33:58.88,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,But,if there is life below the surface of Mars,then obviously we have a problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:58.88,0:34:00.84,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,How could you possibly detect it?
Dialogue: 0,0:34:00.84,0:34:04.68,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Well,actually,there is a perhaps tantalising clue that
Dialogue: 0,0:34:04.68,0:34:11.52,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,there might be something interesting going on below the Martian surface.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:22.04,0:34:26.36,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,These are termites,or white ants.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:26.36,0:34:32.80,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,And they're very unusual animals because they eat wood.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:32.80,0:34:34.44,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,This is their food.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:34.44,0:34:41.00,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,There are many,many species of these,billions of individuals across the planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:41.00,0:34:46.56,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,And,in the process of digesting wood,they produce the gas methane.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:46.56,0:34:50.24,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Because there are so many of them,they actually produce an estimated
Dialogue: 0,0:34:50.24,0:34:52.76,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,50 million tonnes of methane
Dialogue: 0,0:34:52.76,0:34:57.48,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,and pump it into the Earth's atmosphere every year.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:57.76,0:35:00.32,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,And it's not just termites.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:00.32,0:35:04.00,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,There's lots of methane naturally in our atmosphere.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:04.00,0:35:07.56,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,It's all produced either biologically...
Dialogue: 0,0:35:09.16,0:35:14.80,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,or by active geological processes like mud volcanoes.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:20.44,0:35:23.64,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,And that makes it all the more surprising that methane
Dialogue: 0,0:35:23.64,0:35:29.28,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,has been detected in the atmosphere of the supposedly dead planet Mars.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:33.68,0:35:38.08,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,It was telescopes on Earth,using infrared spectroscopy,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:38.08,0:35:42.76,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,that first identified methane in Mars's tenuous atmosphere.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:47.20,0:35:52.96,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Those first measurements appeared to show only tiny amounts.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:52.96,0:35:56.04,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,But closer observations have revealed that the gas
Dialogue: 0,0:35:56.04,0:36:02.56,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,is concentrated in a handful of plumes that vary with the seasons.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:03.48,0:36:05.88,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,In the warmer summer months,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:05.88,0:36:11.76,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,thousands of tonnes of the gas is released from vents in the surface.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:11.76,0:36:16.60,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Something under the surface of Mars must be producing it.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:16.60,0:36:21.56,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,It may be coming from previously unknown geological processes.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:24.12,0:36:28.24,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,But it could be that it's coming from a biological source.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:29.80,0:36:33.12,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Now no-one,I don't think,is seriously suggesting that there
Dialogue: 0,0:36:33.12,0:36:37.40,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,are termites running around beneath the surface of Mars.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:37.40,0:36:42.72,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,But it's not actually the termites that are particularly interesting about this story.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:42.72,0:36:45.00,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,It's the way they digest the wood.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:45.00,0:36:51.44,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,You see,they use symbiotic bacteria,bacteria that live in their guts,called Archaea.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:51.44,0:36:57.08,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,And Archaea,these bacteria that can digest wood and produce methane,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:57.08,0:37:02.28,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,are the most common organisms beneath the surface of the Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:04.84,0:37:09.52,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,The snottites are members of the Archaea,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:09.52,0:37:17.04,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,as are many of the microorganisms found living around deep-sea hydrothermal vents.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:17.32,0:37:24.92,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,In fact,it's Archaea that we find thriving in many of the Earth's most extreme environments.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:27.80,0:37:33.64,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,So I think it's quite a fascinating prospect that the methane we see
Dialogue: 0,0:37:33.64,0:37:40.16,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,in Mars's atmosphere might just be produced by organisms like Archaea,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:40.16,0:37:43.36,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,living below the Martian surface.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:45.20,0:37:49.32,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,But while Mars remains a tantalising possibility,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:49.32,0:37:53.04,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,it's no longer the only place in the solar system
Dialogue: 0,0:37:53.04,0:37:55.84,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,we think could harbour alien life.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:01.92,0:38:05.28,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Far out,a billion kilometres from the sun,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:05.28,0:38:09.16,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,the solar system becomes a very different place.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:11.08,0:38:15.44,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,The planets,like Saturn,are made of gas,not rock.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:19.12,0:38:22.64,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,There's plenty of water out here,but it's frozen solid.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:25.48,0:38:31.40,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,The planets are surrounded by networks of moons,carved from ice.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:31.40,0:38:34.60,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,They're cold and desolate.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:36.08,0:38:41.60,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,They don't seem likely places to find life.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:41.60,0:38:46.08,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Any places on Earth remotely similar are completely barren.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:05.32,0:39:07.40,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,This is central Iceland.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:07.40,0:39:13.56,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,And,at this time of year,in mid-November,it's an increasingly inhospitable place.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:13.56,0:39:17.56,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,It's about 3 o'clock in the afternoon,it's already well below freezing.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:17.56,0:39:20.28,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,The sun is dipping below the horizon.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:20.28,0:39:23.84,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,And it will stay this way for another six months.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:23.84,0:39:30.00,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,And there's pretty much no visible life here at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:30.00,0:39:35.08,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,There are no trees,no grass,and just listen.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:35.08,0:39:37.60,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,SILENCE
Dialogue: 0,0:39:39.56,0:39:42.64,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,No insects,no birds.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:42.64,0:39:44.16,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Nothing.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:48.36,0:39:52.48,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,But it's because these places are so cold and inhospitable
Dialogue: 0,0:39:52.48,0:39:56.36,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,that they're of increasing interest to astro-biologists.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:58.24,0:40:02.96,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Because discoveries in these frozen places of Earth have raised new hope
Dialogue: 0,0:40:02.96,0:40:08.40,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,of finding life among the icy worlds of the outer solar system.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:10.08,0:40:12.00,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,And in those frozen wastes
Dialogue: 0,0:40:12.00,0:40:16.08,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,we have found one world that is of particular interest.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:17.04,0:40:19.24,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,It's one of Jupiter's moons.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:26.16,0:40:30.36,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Jupiter has a vast network of moons.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:30.36,0:40:33.44,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,The four largest have been known
Dialogue: 0,0:40:33.44,0:40:37.80,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,since they were discovered by Galileo in 1610.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:37.80,0:40:39.80,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,And they're a varied bunch.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:42.88,0:40:46.76,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Closest to the planet is the tortured moon Io.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:46.76,0:40:53.44,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,It's torn apart by volcanoes that carpet its surface with bright yellow sulphur.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:59.80,0:41:04.32,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,In total contrast to the heat of Io comes its neighbour,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:04.32,0:41:07.08,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,the ice moon Europa.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:10.52,0:41:14.00,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,It's about the same size as our moon.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:14.00,0:41:17.44,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,And it's the smoothest body in the solar system.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:20.92,0:41:26.12,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Its surface is made of an unbroken shell of ice.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:26.12,0:41:31.12,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Though it's etched with a network of mysterious red markings.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:35.20,0:41:40.84,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,It exists at a chilly minus 160 Celsius.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:40.84,0:41:44.60,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,It seems an incredibly unlikely home for life.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:51.48,0:41:55.36,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,The photographs of Europa from space
Dialogue: 0,0:41:55.36,0:42:00.20,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,reveal a vast,icy wilderness.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:01.80,0:42:07.44,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,But,if you look more closely,then you start to see surface features.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:07.44,0:42:14.24,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,And those features tell you a lot about what's going on deep beneath the ice.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:22.40,0:42:27.80,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Close-up,we can see deep cracks that criss-cross the surface of Europa.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:31.52,0:42:33.48,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,At higher magnification
Dialogue: 0,0:42:33.48,0:42:37.72,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,we see areas where the ice has been broken into icebergs
Dialogue: 0,0:42:37.72,0:42:40.48,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,and jumbled up before refreezing.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:43.68,0:42:47.76,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,We see the same formations in sea ice on Earth,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:47.76,0:42:52.68,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,where the movements of the ocean have caused the ice to bend and crack.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:54.80,0:42:58.76,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,It suggests something similar may be happening on Europa.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:00.72,0:43:04.96,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,But it's the way the cracks are broken and fractured that provide
Dialogue: 0,0:43:04.96,0:43:09.52,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,the compelling evidence that there is liquid water on Europa.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:13.32,0:43:16.60,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,You see,as Europa orbits around Jupiter,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:16.60,0:43:21.36,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Jupiter's intense gravity stretches and squashes the moon.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:21.36,0:43:26.76,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,And that stresses the ice and causes it to fracture and crack.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:26.76,0:43:31.80,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,But the position of those cracks is not quite where you would expect it to be.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:31.80,0:43:36.60,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,And the explanation for that is that the icy surface of Europa
Dialogue: 0,0:43:36.60,0:43:40.80,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,has shifted,it's moved relative to the rocky core.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:40.80,0:43:47.56,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,And the only way that could happen is if there's a layer,or an ocean of liquid water,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:47.56,0:43:53.64,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,surrounding the rocky core that allows the outer ice surface to slip around.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:57.24,0:44:02.72,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Measurements of Europa's magnetic field have confirmed that its icy shell
Dialogue: 0,0:44:02.72,0:44:10.24,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,is sitting on top of a salty ocean that may be a staggering 100km deep.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:25.12,0:44:29.52,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,That would mean that there is more than twice as much life-giving
Dialogue: 0,0:44:29.52,0:44:35.04,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,liquid water on this tiny moon than there is on planet Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:39.32,0:44:42.32,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,But it's not just the discovery of the hidden ocean
Dialogue: 0,0:44:42.32,0:44:48.20,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,that makes us believe that Europa may be the most likely home to alien life.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:49.16,0:44:56.04,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,And that's why I've come to this spectacular ice cave in the Vatnajokull glacier.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:56.48,0:44:59.12,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,You see,the laws of nature are universal.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:59.12,0:45:04.72,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,That may not only apply to laws of physics,but also to the laws of biology as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:04.72,0:45:06.64,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,And if that's the case,
Dialogue: 0,0:45:06.64,0:45:12.36,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,then what we find in these ice caves of Iceland may tell us something
Dialogue: 0,0:45:12.36,0:45:17.76,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,about what we could expect to find below the frozen surface of Europa.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:43.00,0:45:46.36,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,It's hard to describe this place.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:48.28,0:45:51.64,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,It's absolutely magnificent.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:51.64,0:45:56.36,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Visually,the quality of the ice,it's just completely
Dialogue: 0,0:45:56.36,0:45:59.68,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,transparent and clear.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:59.68,0:46:02.24,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,You can see straight through it.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:04.52,0:46:08.52,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,The cave tunnels into the heart of the glacier,
Dialogue: 0,0:46:08.52,0:46:13.28,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,where the ice has been frozen for a thousand years.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:13.72,0:46:17.84,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,It's what astro-biologists find in this ice
Dialogue: 0,0:46:17.84,0:46:23.00,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,that makes us think that Europa could be teeming with life.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:31.68,0:46:34.04,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,NASA scientist Richard Hoover
Dialogue: 0,0:46:34.04,0:46:38.16,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,has spent his career looking for life in unlikely places.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:41.12,0:46:43.12,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Well,that went very well.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:45.88,0:46:51.88,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,OK. So,will any organisms that you find in that ice be living in a sense that I would understand it?
Dialogue: 0,0:46:51.88,0:46:54.96,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,They're actually alive now,and metabolising?
Dialogue: 0,0:46:54.96,0:47:00.36,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,For a long time it was thought that ice microorganisms
Dialogue: 0,0:47:00.36,0:47:04.88,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,were present only in a state of what is called deep anabiosis.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:04.88,0:47:09.24,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Suspended animation. It's now becoming quite clear that that isn't necessarily
Dialogue: 0,0:47:09.24,0:47:16.80,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,the case for all the microorganisms,there may be others that are actually actively living in the ice.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:16.80,0:47:20.64,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,So in this glacier,the whole place,this whole cave
Dialogue: 0,0:47:20.64,0:47:25.92,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,may be populated by living things,not frozen things?
Dialogue: 0,0:47:25.92,0:47:30.28,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Things existing,living,cell dividing,reproducing,all the things you do?
Dialogue: 0,0:47:30.28,0:47:31.80,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,All of this.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:37.20,0:47:41.28,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,It's this prospect of finding things living in solid ice
Dialogue: 0,0:47:41.28,0:47:43.96,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,that has had the greatest impact
Dialogue: 0,0:47:43.96,0:47:48.56,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,on our ideas of where life could survive in the solar system.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:50.12,0:47:52.36,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,OK,we're at lowest magnification.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:52.36,0:47:54.92,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,So,that is 100,000 millionths of a metre?
Dialogue: 0,0:47:54.92,0:47:58.08,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Yes. We have bacteria.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:00.64,0:48:05.64,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,So,these are organisms that have been trapped in that glacier for thousands of years?
Dialogue: 0,0:48:05.64,0:48:07.44,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Yes,look at this.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:07.44,0:48:10.44,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Beautiful. You're seeing life in ice.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:10.44,0:48:14.60,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,We now know that some microorganisms
Dialogue: 0,0:48:14.60,0:48:19.96,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,are capable of actually causing the ice to melt,
Dialogue: 0,0:48:19.96,0:48:24.08,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,because they generate,essentially,anti-freeze proteins.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:24.08,0:48:30.60,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,They change the temperature at which ice goes from a solid state to a liquid state.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:30.60,0:48:33.00,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,And they could have been forming little tiny pockets,
Dialogue: 0,0:48:33.00,0:48:35.96,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,maybe only a few microns in diameter,
Dialogue: 0,0:48:35.96,0:48:40.64,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,but if he can make a two or three micron diameter ball of liquid water,
Dialogue: 0,0:48:40.64,0:48:42.96,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,and he has the ability to move,
Dialogue: 0,0:48:42.96,0:48:48.00,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,then that bacterium is now not in a glacier,but he's in an ocean.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:48.00,0:48:52.92,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,What are the implications of these discoveries?
Dialogue: 0,0:48:52.92,0:48:59.24,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,The fact that you've got living bacteria inside ice on Earth,what are the implications for Europa?
Dialogue: 0,0:48:59.24,0:49:05.56,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,You can clearly have bacteria like this in the frozen ice near the surface crust.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:05.56,0:49:08.36,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,And the thing that is most exciting to me,
Dialogue: 0,0:49:08.36,0:49:13.36,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,is that surface crust of Europa has a wide variety of colours
Dialogue: 0,0:49:13.36,0:49:17.32,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,that are highly suggestive of microbial life.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:17.32,0:49:22.00,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,And so there is a very,very strong possibility
Dialogue: 0,0:49:22.00,0:49:27.68,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,that the ice of Europa may contain viable,living microorganisms.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:31.48,0:49:36.68,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,It's a controversial idea,but it is a dizzying thought
Dialogue: 0,0:49:36.68,0:49:40.64,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,that the mysterious red stains on the surface of Europa
Dialogue: 0,0:49:40.64,0:49:45.44,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,could be the visible signs of alien life.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:50.28,0:49:54.32,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,The discovery of the huge ocean of liquid water
Dialogue: 0,0:49:54.32,0:50:00.72,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,under the surface of this tiny moon,combined with the potential for life in ice,
Dialogue: 0,0:50:00.72,0:50:05.20,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,and the intriguing red markings that criss-cross its surface,
Dialogue: 0,0:50:05.20,0:50:11.84,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,have made Europa the most fascinating and important alien world we know.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:21.20,0:50:24.24,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,A true wonder of the solar system,
Dialogue: 0,0:50:24.24,0:50:30.12,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,because it's our best hope of finding extraterrestrial life.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:48.68,0:50:51.64,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,That question,are we alone in the universe?
Dialogue: 0,0:50:51.64,0:50:58.32,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Is this the only planet amongst the billions of planets in our galaxy,
Dialogue: 0,0:50:58.32,0:51:03.60,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,amongst the billions of galaxies in the universe,that harbours life?
Dialogue: 0,0:51:03.60,0:51:08.04,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Is,I think,one of the most important questions,
Dialogue: 0,0:51:08.04,0:51:11.56,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,perhaps THE most important question that we can ask.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:11.56,0:51:14.40,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Think about what it would mean for us
Dialogue: 0,0:51:14.40,0:51:19.24,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,if the answer was that there was no other life in the solar system,
Dialogue: 0,0:51:19.24,0:51:22.76,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,in our galaxy,perhaps even in the universe.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:22.76,0:51:26.12,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,How valuable would that make planet Earth?
Dialogue: 0,0:51:26.12,0:51:28.68,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,How valuable would that make us?
Dialogue: 0,0:51:28.68,0:51:34.76,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,But then imagine that the answer is that,on every moon of every planet
Dialogue: 0,0:51:34.76,0:51:39.40,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,where the conditions are right,then life survives and flourishes.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:39.40,0:51:44.20,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,That makes us part of a wider cosmic community,
Dialogue: 0,0:51:44.20,0:51:48.08,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,if the universe is teeming with life.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:49.60,0:51:54.56,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,If knowing the answer to the question is so profoundly important,
Dialogue: 0,0:51:54.56,0:52:00.72,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,then surely striving to find the answer should be of overwhelming importance.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:00.72,0:52:04.08,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,I believe it's the most important question you can possibly ask.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:04.08,0:52:07.40,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Because we have a chance of answering it.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:22.00,0:52:25.92,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,What we've learned from the extreme places on Earth
Dialogue: 0,0:52:25.92,0:52:31.16,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,is that,if there is life out there in the solar system,it will almost certainly be simple.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:31.16,0:52:39.28,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Single-celled organisms like bacteria eking out an existence in the most hostile of environments.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:51.36,0:52:53.44,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,One thing seems certain.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:53.44,0:52:58.24,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,The only place in the solar system where there is complex life,
Dialogue: 0,0:52:58.24,0:53:01.04,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,life that can build a civilisation,
Dialogue: 0,0:53:01.04,0:53:04.32,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,is here on planet Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:05.84,0:53:12.12,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,But how did that happen? What is it that makes our world so special?
Dialogue: 0,0:53:12.12,0:53:19.08,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Because,after all,everything in the solar system shares the same genesis.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:21.32,0:53:30.08,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,It was all created out of nothing more than a spinning cloud of gas and dust 4.5 billion years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:39.24,0:53:43.84,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Solid worlds condensed out of the swirling mists.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:43.84,0:53:47.20,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,But those worlds were radically different.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:51.16,0:53:57.12,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Around the solar system,there are worlds that erupt with volcanoes of sulphur.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:59.04,0:54:01.96,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,And others with geysers of ice.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:04.20,0:54:09.92,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,There are worlds with rich atmospheres and swirling storms.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:12.16,0:54:15.00,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,And there are moons carved from ice
Dialogue: 0,0:54:15.00,0:54:18.36,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,that hide huge oceans of liquid water.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:23.24,0:54:28.16,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,But there's only one world where the laws of physics have conspired
Dialogue: 0,0:54:28.16,0:54:31.40,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,to combine all these features in one place.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:34.96,0:54:39.56,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,On Earth,the temperature and atmospheric pressure are just right
Dialogue: 0,0:54:39.56,0:54:44.40,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,to allow oceans of liquid water to exist on the surface of the planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:47.84,0:54:52.12,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,And it's big enough to have retained its molten core
Dialogue: 0,0:54:52.12,0:54:55.64,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,that not only powers geysers and volcanoes,
Dialogue: 0,0:54:55.64,0:54:59.20,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,but also produces our magnetic field
Dialogue: 0,0:54:59.20,0:55:04.76,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,that fends off the solar wind and protects our thick,nurturing atmosphere.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:13.40,0:55:17.44,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,It's the combination of all those wonders in one place
Dialogue: 0,0:55:17.44,0:55:22.76,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,that allowed life to begin and to get a foothold here on Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:22.76,0:55:28.20,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,But,to allow that life to evolve into such complex creatures as ourselves
Dialogue: 0,0:55:28.20,0:55:31.20,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,requires one more ingredient.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:31.20,0:55:34.04,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,And that's time. Deep time.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:34.04,0:55:42.84,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,The kind of time over which mountains rise and fall,and planets are formed and stars live and die.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:42.84,0:55:49.32,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,And it's perhaps that that makes the earth so rare and so precious in the cosmos.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:49.32,0:55:54.68,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Because it's been stable enough for long enough for life to evolve
Dialogue: 0,0:55:54.68,0:55:57.64,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,into such magnificent complexity.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:06.24,0:56:12.40,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,The life we have on Earth today is the result of millions of years of stability.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:14.60,0:56:18.36,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,And the pinnacle of that is us,humankind.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:20.32,0:56:24.36,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,A species that has developed to the point where we can bend
Dialogue: 0,0:56:24.36,0:56:29.60,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,and shape and change the world around us.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:31.52,0:56:35.12,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,We have even left our own planet behind
Dialogue: 0,0:56:35.12,0:56:39.40,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,to begin exploring our cosmic surroundings.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:50.56,0:56:55.24,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,You could take the view that our exploration of the universe
Dialogue: 0,0:56:55.24,0:56:58.12,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,has made us somehow insignificant.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:58.12,0:57:05.64,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,One tiny planet around one star amongst hundreds of billions.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:05.64,0:57:07.24,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,But I don't take that view.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:07.24,0:57:14.12,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Because we've discovered that it takes the rarest combination of chance,and the laws of nature,
Dialogue: 0,0:57:14.12,0:57:19.24,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,to produce a planet that can support a civilisation.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:19.24,0:57:22.40,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,That most magnificent structure
Dialogue: 0,0:57:22.40,0:57:27.76,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,that allows us to explore and understand the universe.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:27.76,0:57:34.60,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,And that's why,for me,our civilisation is THE wonder of the solar system.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:35.72,0:57:39.64,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,# "Calling Occupants Of Interplanetary Craft" by the Carpenters #
Dialogue: 0,0:57:40.40,0:57:44.96,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,# Calling occupants of interplanetary craft #
Dialogue: 0,0:57:47.16,0:57:49.56,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,# Calling occupants... #
Dialogue: 0,0:57:49.56,0:57:55.16,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,And if you were to be looking at the Earth from outside the solar system,
Dialogue: 0,0:57:55.16,0:57:57.40,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,that much would be obvious.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:58.12,0:58:02.64,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,# Calling occupants of interplanetary craft... #
Dialogue: 0,0:58:05.56,0:58:12.28,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,We have written the evidence of our existence onto the surface of our planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:12.28,0:58:19.68,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,Our civilisation has become a beacon that identifies our planet as home to life.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:19.68,0:58:24.32,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,# We'd like to make a contact with you #
Dialogue: 0,0:58:30.40,0:58:37.88,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,# Calling occupants of interplanetary,anti-adversary craft #
Dialogue: 0,0:58:42.96,0:58:46.76,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,# We are your friends #
Dialogue: 0,0:58:50.48,0:58:53.24,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,# We are your friends... #
Dialogue: 0,0:58:58.56,0:59:02.48,EnText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,If you'd like to know more about the solar system,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.32,0:00:11.84,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,我们生活在一个奇妙的世界里
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.84,0:00:17.12,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,一个美妙而复杂的世界
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.38,0:00:22.88,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,我们有广阔的海洋和惊人的天气
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.16,0:00:26.36,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,巨大的高山
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.36,0:00:28.12,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,和激动人心的风景
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.80,0:00:38.40,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,我是一名物理学家 我着迷于这些自然规律是如何
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.40,0:00:43.88,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,造就这一切 以及创造各种各样世界
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.88,0:00:46.36,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,太阳系外
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.44,0:00:53.12,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,我认为我们生活在一个最能够探索与发现已知文明的时代.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.12,0:00:57.72,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,我们的航天器早已到达太阳系最远的地带.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.72,0:01:01.28,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,我们已经拍下了陌生的新世界
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.44,0:01:06.08,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,站在这不熟悉的地方 呼吸着陌生的空气
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.00,0:01:13.64,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,但迄今我们都还没有从那些世界发现
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.64,0:01:17.16,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,一件使得地球如此独特的事
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.04,0:01:22.04,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,生命
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.48,0:01:24.44,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,但是 确实是这样吗?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.44,0:01:29.56,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,地球真的是太阳系中唯一能够生存的地方吗?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.88,0:01:38.08,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,本集 我们将探索太阳系中 支持生命的条件
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.12,0:01:48.68,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,探索这些世界或许能回答这个问题 宇宙是否只有我们
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.32,0:01:57.16,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,这不仅是一个最基本的科学问题
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.16,0:02:02.76,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,而且是人类历史上的难题
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.28,0:02:13.08,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,太阳系的奇迹
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.28,0:02:20.08,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,未知世界
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.28,0:02:39.08,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,墨西哥科尔特斯海上漂浮着的 是亚特兰蒂斯号勘探船
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.08,0:02:44.32,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,一艘最能了解未知世界的勘探船
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.80,0:02:51.88,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,但它本身对于我们来说就是个未知世界
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.76,0:03:09.92,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,亚特兰蒂斯上的阿尔文号
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.92,0:03:14.00,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,世界上最坚固的潜艇之一
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.00,0:03:16.56,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,建造得像一艘宇宙飞船
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.56,0:03:20.40,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,它强大的设计能够探索到海洋的最深处
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.16,0:03:26.88,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,我有幸搭它的顺风车下海
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.88,0:03:29.68,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,海底2公里
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.76,0:03:37.52,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,这是你可以做到的 最接近进入太空的事了
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.52,0:03:42.40,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,况且 暂时我也没计划去太空 我觉得这是最爽的事啦
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.52,0:03:46.44,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,8小时后再见
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.32,0:04:05.60,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,收到 阿尔文 一切正常 准许下潜
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.80,0:04:08.48,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,收到 下潜
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.28,0:04:20.48,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,跟航天器很像
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.48,0:04:25.20,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,随着小船舱下降 我们离开熟悉的世界
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.20,0:04:30.48,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,离开地球表面 进入一个陌生的世界
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.00,0:04:40.76,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,如果发生任何差错 真的要向马克思同志报告了
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.28,0:04:51.16,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,机器响声
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.04,0:04:56.20,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,滴滴声不会有什么好事
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.88,0:05:03.40,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,'幸运的是 阿尔文只是少数能够
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.40,0:05:07.00,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,'承受巨大压力的深海潜艇 '
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.92,0:05:14.48,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,在地球的表面 我们习惯于一个大气压的压强
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.48,0:05:21.00,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,每下潜10米 这里就增加一个大气压
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.00,0:05:23.40,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,加得很快
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.92,0:05:34.28,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,我们正接近一公里深 现在外面压强是
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.28,0:05:40.80,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,100个大气压 比金星表面的大气压都要大
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.80,0:05:46.76,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,如果问你有没有生物能在100大气压下
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.76,0:05:50.64,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,在寒冷 黑暗 没有阳光
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.64,0:05:54.36,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,漆黑一片的环境生存 你也许回答说没有
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.36,0:05:56.88,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,额 我也说没有
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.84,0:06:05.44,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,但海洋深处并非没有生命
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.44,0:06:08.24,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,通过阿尔文号的探照灯
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.24,0:06:13.08,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,我们发现 在海底的荒漠绿洲中的生命
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.68,0:06:23.16,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,我们降落 停留约一小时
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.16,0:06:26.64,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,我们就停在最不可思议的地方
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.64,0:06:29.12,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,看看那些
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.12,0:06:32.24,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,我们就在管虫的上面
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.20,0:06:35.00,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,令人惊叹啊
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.36,0:06:48.92,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,这个水下城市是我们星球上最离奇的环境之一
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.20,0:07:07.84,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,它是一个热流喷口 地壳的火山裂口
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.84,0:07:15.16,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,泵出的硫水混合物加热到近300摄氏度
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.16,0:07:22.56,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,即使是最极端的条件 生命也能蓬勃发展了
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.16,0:07:33.12,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,真正了不起的地方
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.12,0:07:36.72,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,垫状物
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.72,0:07:41.08,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,地毯似的黄色细菌
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.52,0:07:46.80,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,看那边 这不只是细菌斑点
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.80,0:07:49.08,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,而是真正的复杂有机生物体
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.08,0:07:52.84,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,外星 我想说这个词 外星环境
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.84,0:07:54.48,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,对我们来说真的是外星环境
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.64,0:08:02.80,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,对我来说 在这里找到了迷人的生命
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.80,0:08:04.92,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,深海底部的环境条件
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.92,0:08:09.56,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,类似于
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.56,0:08:13.32,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,数亿公里外的太阳系
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.32,0:08:19.64,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,而这里 只离地表两公里
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.64,0:08:23.68,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,难以置信的黑暗 没有一丝阳光
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.68,0:08:27.64,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,有的只是灼寒交加的海水
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.64,0:08:30.12,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,岩石和矿物
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.12,0:08:36.60,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,所以 如果生命在这里可以生存 而且可以繁衍生息
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.60,0:08:40.40,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,你会不会觉得生命也能生存在
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.40,0:08:44.32,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,太阳系的其他地方呢
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.88,0:08:57.08,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,自从400年前望远镜的发明
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.08,0:09:02.28,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,我们一直寻找着我们周边世界的生命迹象
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.12,0:09:11.48,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,随着技术的改进 我们搜索到行星更多更详细的信息
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.48,0:09:14.24,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,但依然一无所获
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.76,0:09:19.20,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,但这并不意味着太阳系其他地方无生命
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.20,0:09:23.60,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,因为我们才刚刚开始 揭开它的面纱
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.92,0:09:32.24,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,这里有数以百计的外部世界
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.24,0:09:36.40,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,行星和它们的卫星 我们才勉强探勘到一点点
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.28,0:09:45.92,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,它们中或许就有符合孕育生命的条件
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.04,0:09:52.60,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,究竟是哪些条件 最好的方法就是
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.60,0:09:56.84,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,观察生机盎然的地方
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.64,0:10:01.16,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,地球
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.20,0:10:15.16,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,生命近似于化学反应
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.16,0:10:19.08,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,它只是原子和分子间的反应
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.08,0:10:22.40,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,生命的存在 你只需要三样东西
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.40,0:10:25.76,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,首先 你需要正确的化学组合
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.76,0:10:29.64,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,现在 我 差不多是40种元素组成
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.64,0:10:32.48,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,几乎是一半的已知元素 非常复杂
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.48,0:10:38.52,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,但实际上96%都是这四种元素 - 碳 氮 氧和氢
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.52,0:10:41.04,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,其次 你需要一个能量源
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.04,0:10:45.64,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,你需要类似于电池 能制造出电子流
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.64,0:10:48.56,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,贯穿整个生命过程的能量
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.56,0:10:54.64,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,在地球 大多数生命都是利用太阳能
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.64,0:11:00.80,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,第三 你需要一些生命所需的媒介
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.80,0:11:02.92,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,促使其产生
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.92,0:11:05.12,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,在地球
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.12,0:11:08.56,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,你不用看很远就能发现在所有媒介中 最符合的
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.56,0:11:11.84,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,就是它 水
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.24,0:11:36.36,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,如果你想看看水对生命的重要性
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.36,0:11:41.00,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,智利的阿塔卡马沙漠是你最好的去处
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.52,0:11:53.04,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,这里的土壤都比医院手术室卫生(无菌)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.04,0:11:57.80,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,事实上 科学家在这里寻找生命的最基本形态 细菌
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.80,0:12:02.72,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,阿塔卡马的一些地区 根本找不到
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.96,0:12:10.28,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,沙漠的特点就是水分缺乏
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.28,0:12:13.28,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,但阿塔卡马更为极端
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.84,0:12:19.96,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,撒哈拉都比阿塔卡马湿润50倍
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.96,0:12:24.20,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,这里的气象站实测10年的降雨量 仅为1毫米
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.20,0:12:28.32,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,有的河流已干涸12万年之久
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.32,0:12:34.72,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,有些岩石2000万年都没见过雨了
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.12,0:12:45.68,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,正是这种极端的干燥 导致这里没有任何东西可以生存
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.68,0:12:50.48,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,即使是地球上最原始形态的细菌
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.48,0:12:53.04,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,有水才能活下去
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.04,0:12:55.08,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,无一例外
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.08,0:12:59.32,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,似乎正是这种水和生命的根本关系
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.32,0:13:03.20,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,推动着我们在太阳系寻找生命
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.20,0:13:06.36,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,因为 不管在哪里找到水
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.36,0:13:10.60,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,那里就是寻找地外生命的最佳地点
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.60,0:13:21.16,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,地球是唯一一颗在其表面有液态水的行星
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.16,0:13:24.68,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,其他行星要么太接近太阳
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.68,0:13:28.80,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,像水星 都烤焦了
Dialogue: 0,0:13:28.80,0:13:31.56,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,要么就是离得太远
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.56,0:13:39.36,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,土星环由水构成 但在空间深处 冻结成冰块
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.96,0:13:49.00,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,但这不代表液态水没有在太阳系其他地方出现过
Dialogue: 0,0:13:49.00,0:13:53.36,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,如果有的话 我们应该能够找到证据
Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.28,0:13:59.68,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,因为有水的地方 会留下它的足迹
Dialogue: 0,0:14:10.32,0:14:15.32,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,这里是"疤谷" 美国西北部的偏远地区
Dialogue: 0,0:14:15.32,0:14:21.12,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,它是最壮观的地方之一 去看看
Dialogue: 0,0:14:21.12,0:14:24.56,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,水是如何在这风景中雕刻上自己的签名
Dialogue: 0,0:14:31.60,0:14:35.24,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,地球最大的洪水曾流经这里
Dialogue: 0,0:14:35.24,0:14:40.40,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,吉姆赖斯是一位天文地质学家 他认为 某件大事件
Dialogue: 0,0:14:40.40,0:14:44.36,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,创造了这个景观 可以帮助在其他星球上对水的搜索
Dialogue: 0,0:14:44.36,0:14:48.92,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,我们像探员 抵达犯罪现场 查找遗留下的证据
Dialogue: 0,0:14:48.92,0:14:53.80,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,我们把它们放到一起 貌似这不是一个正常的河流系统
Dialogue: 0,0:14:53.80,0:14:55.96,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,的确 它太笔直了
Dialogue: 0,0:14:55.96,0:15:01.08,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,不像是河流蜿蜒在这里 它只是一个大洞
Dialogue: 0,0:15:08.36,0:15:13.40,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,这整个景观创造于上个冰河时期结束时
Dialogue: 0,0:15:16.64,0:15:24.32,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,以东200英里(320公里)的一个巨大的湖泊 曾是冰川
Dialogue: 0,0:15:25.84,0:15:34.84,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,当冰川破碎 超过2000立方千米的水造成了灾难性的后果
Dialogue: 0,0:15:39.40,0:15:41.72,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,洪水在这里至少有400英尺深(1200米)
Dialogue: 0,0:15:41.72,0:15:45.48,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,其实有200英尺的水 在我们头顶上经过
Dialogue: 0,0:15:45.48,0:15:49.36,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,因此 我们是站在200英尺深的水中
Dialogue: 0,0:15:49.36,0:15:52.68,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,那我想象成波浪?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:52.68,0:15:56.20,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,是啊 一个巨大的波浪滚动 隆隆作响
Dialogue: 0,0:15:56.20,0:15:58.96,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,水浪带动巨大的冰块冲刷这里
Dialogue: 0,0:15:58.96,0:16:04.40,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,大块的岩石被挖出 崩裂出去
Dialogue: 0,0:16:04.40,0:16:06.08,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,这真是令人印象深刻的景象
Dialogue: 0,0:16:16.20,0:16:22.40,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,由于洪流席卷了整个景观 它们开辟了20英里长的峡谷
Dialogue: 0,0:16:25.12,0:16:29.36,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,并在其头部 留下了这些巨型的"马蹄铁"
Dialogue: 0,0:16:29.36,0:16:33.48,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,超过400英尺高 5英里宽
Dialogue: 0,0:16:33.48,0:16:38.44,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,是世界迄今所知的最大的瀑布
Dialogue: 0,0:16:45.52,0:16:50.92,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,想象它最简单的方法是 如果你把世界每一条河流
Dialogue: 0,0:16:50.92,0:16:56.44,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,把它们放在同一地点 在同一时间流动 大洪水还是它们的十倍
Dialogue: 0,0:16:56.44,0:17:01.48,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,要多久才能雕刻出这个景观?
Dialogue: 0,0:17:01.48,0:17:03.60,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,48小时到一周
Dialogue: 0,0:17:03.60,0:17:05.88,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,瞬间的事情 从地质学的角度看
Dialogue: 0,0:17:08.60,0:17:12.48,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,"疤谷"揭示这个独特的签名
Dialogue: 0,0:17:12.48,0:17:15.36,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,由水雕刻成的景观
Dialogue: 0,0:17:16.92,0:17:22.20,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,这是一个从太空可以看到的标志 不仅仅在地球
Dialogue: 0,0:17:25.76,0:17:31.48,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,当我们打开望远镜 对着隔壁邻居
Dialogue: 0,0:17:31.48,0:17:33.92,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,作为寻找外星生命的首选 火星时
Dialogue: 0,0:17:33.92,0:17:38.92,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,我们发现它的表面划过着几乎相同的痕迹
Dialogue: 0,0:17:45.00,0:17:50.16,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,这个红色星球隐藏着流出物的渠道
Dialogue: 0,0:17:50.16,0:17:54.24,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,直而宽的峡谷 完全像"疤谷"
Dialogue: 0,0:17:56.84,0:18:01.84,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,它们有着相同的地质特征
Dialogue: 0,0:18:11.92,0:18:18.24,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,这一切都表明 相似的一场大洪水横扫整个火星表面
Dialogue: 0,0:18:18.24,0:18:22.20,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,这是一张从空中拍摄的照片
Dialogue: 0,0:18:22.20,0:18:24.48,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,我就坐在这周围
Dialogue: 0,0:18:24.48,0:18:32.76,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,这里是马蹄形状 就是 在那边
Dialogue: 0,0:18:32.76,0:18:37.84,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,这是一张火星地表的照片
Dialogue: 0,0:18:37.84,0:18:42.84,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,你可以看到那些典型的马蹄形状的褶皱
Dialogue: 0,0:18:42.84,0:18:49.48,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,此外 你看到的结构的上游段 这些沟槽被切成景观
Dialogue: 0,0:18:49.48,0:18:54.68,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,而你看这里 水冲刷沟槽
Dialogue: 0,0:18:54.68,0:18:58.52,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,瀑布流下来 然后水流漫过岩层
Dialogue: 0,0:18:58.52,0:19:02.72,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,并削去巨大的山谷 因为它要向下游移动
Dialogue: 0,0:19:03.56,0:19:10.60,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,因此 综合这一切 我认为 最确凿的证据是
Dialogue: 0,0:19:10.60,0:19:15.24,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,曾有非常巨量的水以高速
Dialogue: 0,0:19:15.24,0:19:18.92,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,流经火星表面 在过去某个时候
Dialogue: 0,0:19:22.32,0:19:29.04,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,不过 尽管河道证明火星曾有液态水
Dialogue: 0,0:19:29.04,0:19:31.92,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,但也不能证明生命的存在
Dialogue: 0,0:19:35.64,0:19:42.24,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,因为 如果火星地貌形成的过程 跟地球的一样
Dialogue: 0,0:19:42.24,0:19:47.32,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,那么洪水创造这些景观只是持续几天的事
Dialogue: 0,0:19:52.48,0:19:55.96,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,为了给生命一个立足点 需要更多东西
Dialogue: 0,0:19:55.96,0:20:00.16,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,你需要大片的积水区
Dialogue: 0,0:20:00.16,0:20:06.52,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,湖泊和河流 几百万年地存在
Dialogue: 0,0:20:06.52,0:20:12.40,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,为了寻找这种水的证据 我们做了唯一可做的
Dialogue: 0,0:20:12.40,0:20:17.32,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,我们已经派出一支机器人探险部队到火星表面
Dialogue: 0,0:20:18.48,0:20:20.56,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,我们降落了 我们降落了
Dialogue: 0,0:20:26.36,0:20:28.84,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,过去的35年里
Dialogue: 0,0:20:28.84,0:20:33.24,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,我们已经有6个探测器在火星上着陆
Dialogue: 0,0:20:33.24,0:20:40.76,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,其中之一 机遇号 仍在火星地表行驶 进行地质勘察
Dialogue: 0,0:20:51.44,0:20:55.20,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,火星探测车确实吸引了我们的想像
Dialogue: 0,0:20:55.20,0:21:00.92,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,我想 它们是用老式感应器来探索的冒险家
Dialogue: 0,0:21:00.92,0:21:05.64,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,它们使我们的意识扩展到另一个世界
Dialogue: 0,0:21:05.64,0:21:09.24,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,但它们也非常实事求是
Dialogue: 0,0:21:09.24,0:21:12.28,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,你不可能从轨道就完全了解另一颗行星
Dialogue: 0,0:21:12.28,0:21:16.56,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,你必须到达它的表面 你必须要去接触它
Dialogue: 0,0:21:16.56,0:21:20.68,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,挖下去 用显微镜来分析
Dialogue: 0,0:21:20.68,0:21:24.12,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,而漫游者真的做到了
Dialogue: 0,0:21:24.12,0:21:28.80,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,有了一些极其重要的科学发现
Dialogue: 0,0:21:36.56,0:21:43.32,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,其中的大发现是在2004年11月
Dialogue: 0,0:21:43.32,0:21:49.44,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,机遇号当时在研究一个叫耐力的陨石坑
Dialogue: 0,0:21:49.44,0:21:53.16,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,它检测到了一片了不起的沉淀物
Dialogue: 0,0:22:09.20,0:22:14.00,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,这是世界上最大的盐场 在墨西哥巴哈半岛
Dialogue: 0,0:22:14.00,0:22:21.08,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,他们在这里抽取海水 泵入咸水湖中 让它蒸发
Dialogue: 0,0:22:21.08,0:22:26.00,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,之后 就是这东西 氯化钠 食盐
Dialogue: 0,0:22:26.00,0:22:30.88,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,但是 不同的阶段 不同的盐份 不同的矿物 会结晶出来
Dialogue: 0,0:22:30.88,0:22:35.92,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,因此 所有的东西都会从海水结晶出来
Dialogue: 0,0:22:35.92,0:22:38.60,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,在不同的阶段
Dialogue: 0,0:22:47.68,0:22:54.56,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,其中一个咸水湖 九号湖 海水在完全正确的浓度下
Dialogue: 0,0:22:54.56,0:23:00.72,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,促使这些美丽的晶体覆盖了整个湖底
Dialogue: 0,0:23:09.64,0:23:12.44,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,这是石膏
Dialogue: 0,0:23:12.44,0:23:18.44,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,和机遇号在火星表面发现的东西一模一样
Dialogue: 0,0:23:18.44,0:23:23.44,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,现在 有趣的是 石膏是怎么做出来的
Dialogue: 0,0:23:23.44,0:23:30.40,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,你看 它的化学式是CaSO4
Dialogue: 0,0:23:30.44,0:23:32.50,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,也就是硫酸钙
Dialogue: 0,0:23:33.50,0:23:38.80,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,它还是二水化合物 2个H2O
Dialogue: 0,0:23:38.80,0:23:40.64,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,这是水
Dialogue: 0,0:23:40.64,0:23:48.08,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,只有这样 我们才知道在地球做出石膏的唯一方法
Dialogue: 0,0:23:48.08,0:23:52.28,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,得有钙 并在液态水里有硫酸盐离子的存在
Dialogue: 0,0:23:52.28,0:23:57.20,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,因此 大型石膏矿床存在于火星地表 告诉你
Dialogue: 0,0:23:57.20,0:24:03.24,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,那里肯定有过大片的水域 并且存在了很久
Dialogue: 0,0:24:06.00,0:24:09.80,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,石膏的发现 有助于我们建立一个场景
Dialogue: 0,0:24:09.80,0:24:13.44,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,远古的火星曾是非常温暖 湿润的星球
Dialogue: 0,0:24:15.72,0:24:20.80,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,沙丘上的石膏表明
Dialogue: 0,0:24:20.80,0:24:25.92,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,火星曾经被大面积积水覆盖
Dialogue: 0,0:24:30.36,0:24:34.84,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,有积水 就有生命的可能
Dialogue: 0,0:24:38.72,0:24:41.36,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,这片平铺的盐区 我们认为
Dialogue: 0,0:24:41.36,0:24:45.56,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,非常相似于在火星见过的地方
Dialogue: 0,0:24:45.56,0:24:49.12,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,当然它看起来非常荒凉
Dialogue: 0,0:24:49.12,0:24:52.68,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,第一眼很难看出这里有什么东西可以生存
Dialogue: 0,0:24:52.68,0:24:55.68,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,但是 如果你挖一下
Dialogue: 0,0:24:55.68,0:24:57.92,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,在地表以下一点点
Dialogue: 0,0:24:57.92,0:25:03.88,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,你就会看到这样的石膏层只有几毫米厚
Dialogue: 0,0:25:03.88,0:25:08.56,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,然后立即会发现它下面的土层呈绿色
Dialogue: 0,0:25:08.56,0:25:15.36,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,它是绿色的 因为一些细菌在看似荒凉的条件下 茁壮成长
Dialogue: 0,0:25:15.36,0:25:18.20,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,现在 如果这些细菌能够生存在这里
Dialogue: 0,0:25:18.20,0:25:25.20,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,那么似乎没有理由相信 它们不能在火星上生存
Dialogue: 0,0:25:25.20,0:25:29.92,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,因为当时是有水的 在远古的某个时候存在过
Dialogue: 0,0:25:34.44,0:25:37.84,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,尽管它曾经可能很受欢迎
Dialogue: 0,0:25:37.84,0:25:42.80,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,但任何液态水早已消失在火星表面上
Dialogue: 0,0:25:45.64,0:25:51.24,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,大约3亿年前 就在星球上消亡
Dialogue: 0,0:25:51.24,0:25:57.16,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,它冻结的核心 不再有火山活动
Dialogue: 0,0:26:00.08,0:26:04.80,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,太阳风剥夺了它残留的大气层
Dialogue: 0,0:26:04.80,0:26:07.80,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,任何液态水都蒸发了
Dialogue: 0,0:26:07.80,0:26:11.04,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,或在土壤中冻结
Dialogue: 0,0:26:12.12,0:26:16.36,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,使得火星表面太冷 太暴露
Dialogue: 0,0:26:16.36,0:26:19.24,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,太干燥 以致无法维持生命
Dialogue: 0,0:26:25.52,0:26:30.36,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,如今基本不可能会有什么生命出现在火星表面
Dialogue: 0,0:26:30.36,0:26:34.80,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,但是 凡事无绝对
Dialogue: 0,0:26:34.80,0:26:37.72,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,也许我们只是在错误的地方寻找
Dialogue: 0,0:26:40.04,0:26:43.72,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,火星上可能有未知的生命栖息地
Dialogue: 0,0:26:45.52,0:26:50.40,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,更精细的图片显示 地表有洞穴的入口
Dialogue: 0,0:26:50.40,0:26:54.84,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,揭示火星地下世界的存在
Dialogue: 0,0:26:58.84,0:27:00.92,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,我们知道 那里下面可能有水
Dialogue: 0,0:27:00.92,0:27:07.04,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,卫星数据显示 这里有永冻层 冰冻的土壤
Dialogue: 0,0:27:07.04,0:27:12.36,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,深入到地表下 冰可能融化成液态水
Dialogue: 0,0:27:17.84,0:27:22.04,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,这一切都暗示了一个未知的地下世界
Dialogue: 0,0:27:22.04,0:27:26.52,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,可能是一个能发现生命的地方
Dialogue: 0,0:27:47.68,0:27:51.56,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,想象一下 完美的生命栖息地
Dialogue: 0,0:27:51.56,0:27:54.88,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,它肯定像某种地方
Dialogue: 0,0:27:54.88,0:27:56.96,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,气候温暖 丰富的液态水
Dialogue: 0,0:27:56.96,0:28:01.24,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,一个美丽的 厚厚的大气层
Dialogue: 0,0:28:01.24,0:28:05.96,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,这样的环境到处都是 就像你所看到的
Dialogue: 0,0:28:08.36,0:28:12.44,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,所有我们熟知的生命 几乎都有相同
Dialogue: 0,0:28:12.44,0:28:18.16,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,蓬勃发展的条件 温度 阳光
Dialogue: 0,0:28:18.16,0:28:21.32,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,但是 这绝不意味着 只有地球有生命
Dialogue: 0,0:28:25.80,0:28:30.56,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,或许还有另一种生命在星球的表面下隐藏
Dialogue: 0,0:28:30.56,0:28:33.52,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,存在于完全不同的条件
Dialogue: 0,0:28:33.52,0:28:39.04,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,这就增加了火星洞穴迷人的可能性
Dialogue: 0,0:28:47.80,0:28:50.80,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,这里是Cueva de Villa Luz 墨西哥的Tabasco
Dialogue: 0,0:28:50.80,0:28:52.64,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,光明洞
Dialogue: 0,0:28:52.64,0:28:57.36,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,对于我 它是一个恶劣的环境
Dialogue: 0,0:28:57.36,0:29:02.04,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,因为(他嗅了下) 充满着硫化氢气体 因此
Dialogue: 0,0:29:02.04,0:29:08.64,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,气体监测仪说 目前每单位有百万硫化氢分子 对我非常有害
Dialogue: 0,0:29:08.64,0:29:13.52,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,所以 我要防毒面具 免得毒气太多
Dialogue: 0,0:29:13.52,0:29:17.00,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,因此 这里 你乍一看
Dialogue: 0,0:29:17.00,0:29:22.32,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,不指望有许多生命
Dialogue: 0,0:29:50.52,0:29:56.48,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,这个洞穴对于我们是生命禁区 但并不意味不适合其他生命
Dialogue: 0,0:29:56.48,0:29:58.76,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,事实上 它充满活力
Dialogue: 0,0:30:01.76,0:30:06.60,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,看这些鱼 到处都有水
Dialogue: 0,0:30:06.60,0:30:09.60,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,它们适应生活在这些条件下
Dialogue: 0,0:30:09.60,0:30:11.72,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,事实上 如果你近点看
Dialogue: 0,0:30:11.72,0:30:13.52,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,它们是粉红色的
Dialogue: 0,0:30:13.52,0:30:17.08,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,应该是它们有大量的血红蛋白
Dialogue: 0,0:30:17.08,0:30:19.60,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,因为这里氧气不多
Dialogue: 0,0:30:19.60,0:30:24.72,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,所以它们需要一个有效的途径来运送周围的氧气.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:24.72,0:30:26.24,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,好美
Dialogue: 0,0:30:32.12,0:30:36.56,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,但真正有趣的生命 在洞穴深处
Dialogue: 0,0:30:36.56,0:30:42.40,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,有毒气体的浓度高到启动了我的警钟
Dialogue: 0,0:30:43.92,0:30:46.68,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,下到这里 远离阳光
Dialogue: 0,0:30:46.68,0:30:51.20,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,生命的能量来源 来自这周围的空气
Dialogue: 0,0:30:53.48,0:30:59.32,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,它们利用这些翻滚起来的硫化氢气体
Dialogue: 0,0:30:59.32,0:31:03.56,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,同样的气体 对我是致命的 有毒的
Dialogue: 0,0:31:03.56,0:31:05.68,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,却是它们的生命之源
Dialogue: 0,0:31:16.12,0:31:19.52,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,这些东西是我来到地下深处看到的 (说话如此清晰? )
Dialogue: 0,0:31:19.52,0:31:25.04,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,"小鼻涕" 现在知道为啥这样称呼了吧 (汗..不用戴面具? )
Dialogue: 0,0:31:25.04,0:31:30.96,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,它们实在是最外星生命的形式之一 我能想像得到
Dialogue: 0,0:31:30.96,0:31:32.12,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,在地球
Dialogue: 0,0:31:32.12,0:31:37.48,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,因为它们用硫化氢来新陈代谢 所以它们
Dialogue: 0,0:31:37.48,0:31:41.72,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,呼出都是酸性的气体 而我正在呼吸着
Dialogue: 0,0:31:41.72,0:31:46.48,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,你几乎可以感觉到 舌头都是酸的
Dialogue: 0,0:31:46.48,0:31:51.92,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,它们新陈代谢 与氧气反应 产生硫酸气体
Dialogue: 0,0:31:51.92,0:31:56.84,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,在它们的呼吸过程中 我做下描述
Dialogue: 0,0:31:56.84,0:32:00.80,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,我呼吸的氧气与糖发生反应 呼出二氧化碳 获得能源
Dialogue: 0,0:32:00.80,0:32:06.60,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,这些家伙吸入硫化氢和氧气并产出硫酸
Dialogue: 0,0:32:06.60,0:32:08.88,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,事实上 我可以测试下
Dialogue: 0,0:32:09.60,0:32:11.88,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,(pH试纸)
Dialogue: 0,0:32:17.20,0:32:19.84,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,是的 你看 看这里
Dialogue: 0,0:32:19.84,0:32:25.88,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,然后 嗯 这些看起来像水 实际上它的pH值...
Dialogue: 0,0:32:25.88,0:32:30.12,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,哇 它介乎于0.5和0之间
Dialogue: 0,0:32:30.12,0:32:31.88,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,强酸
Dialogue: 0,0:32:31.88,0:32:34.56,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,像酸性电池一样酸
Dialogue: 0,0:32:34.56,0:32:38.92,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,实际上它是高浓度硫酸
Dialogue: 0,0:32:38.92,0:32:42.28,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,啊 多么奇怪的生物
Dialogue: 0,0:32:42.28,0:32:44.88,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,外星生物 每个感觉都是
Dialogue: 0,0:32:44.88,0:32:49.52,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,除了现在出现的 只是我们星球地表下发现的
Dialogue: 0,0:32:53.36,0:32:56.12,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,"小鼻涕"并不孤单
Dialogue: 0,0:32:56.12,0:33:00.28,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,生物可以从身边的矿物提取能源
Dialogue: 0,0:33:00.28,0:33:02.72,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,世界上所有已知的地下世界
Dialogue: 0,0:33:04.96,0:33:09.00,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,事实上 这样的生命都如此成功 那么
Dialogue: 0,0:33:09.00,0:33:14.92,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,可能有更多的生命在更下面的地方生活
Dialogue: 0,0:33:16.24,0:33:19.72,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,这提出了一个有趣的可能性
Dialogue: 0,0:33:19.72,0:33:23.80,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,如果生命能够在地表下茁壮成长
Dialogue: 0,0:33:23.80,0:33:28.24,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,难道生命就不能像"小鼻涕"一样
Dialogue: 0,0:33:28.24,0:33:30.44,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,在火星地表下繁衍生息?
Dialogue: 0,0:33:34.88,0:33:38.12,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,想一想 生活在火星地表下确实是
Dialogue: 0,0:33:38.12,0:33:42.36,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,相当好的主意 因为表面太恶劣了
Dialogue: 0,0:33:42.36,0:33:46.24,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,它受到太阳强烈的紫外线辐射
Dialogue: 0,0:33:46.24,0:33:49.96,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,而且是个非常寒冷的地方 大气压力
Dialogue: 0,0:33:49.96,0:33:53.00,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,不允许液态水存在于地表
Dialogue: 0,0:33:53.00,0:33:58.88,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,但是 如果有生命在火星地下 显然又有个问题
Dialogue: 0,0:33:58.88,0:34:00.84,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,你怎么检测它的存在?
Dialogue: 0,0:34:00.84,0:34:04.68,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,嗯 确实 这有个线索 也许
Dialogue: 0,0:34:04.68,0:34:11.52,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,一个有趣的事正发生在火星地下
Dialogue: 0,0:34:22.04,0:34:26.36,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,这是白蚁 或白色蚂蚁 (蛋痛的英语)
Dialogue: 0,0:34:26.36,0:34:32.80,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,它们是很不寻常的动物 因为它们吃木头
Dialogue: 0,0:34:32.80,0:34:34.44,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,这是它们的食物
Dialogue: 0,0:34:34.44,0:34:41.00,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,它们有许多 许多的物种 地球有数十亿只
Dialogue: 0,0:34:41.00,0:34:46.56,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,它们在消化木头的过程中 产生甲烷气体
Dialogue: 0,0:34:46.56,0:34:50.24,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,因为它们实在太多了 它们产生的气体
Dialogue: 0,0:34:50.24,0:34:52.76,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,估计有5000万吨的甲烷
Dialogue: 0,0:34:52.76,0:34:57.48,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,释放到地球大气层 每一年
Dialogue: 0,0:34:57.76,0:35:00.32,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,不仅是白蚁
Dialogue: 0,0:35:00.32,0:35:04.00,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,有大量的甲烷 我们的大气天生就有
Dialogue: 0,0:35:04.00,0:35:07.56,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,不是生物产生的...就是...
Dialogue: 0,0:35:09.16,0:35:14.80,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,地质过程中 像泥火山活动中产生的
Dialogue: 0,0:35:20.44,0:35:23.64,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,更令人惊讶的是 甲烷被检测出来
Dialogue: 0,0:35:23.64,0:35:29.28,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,在据称是无生命的火星上
Dialogue: 0,0:35:33.68,0:35:38.08,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,这是地球上的望远镜 用红外光谱
Dialogue: 0,0:35:38.08,0:35:42.76,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,首次在火星上微薄的大气中找到甲烷
Dialogue: 0,0:35:47.20,0:35:52.96,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,首次测量中 似乎只有少量
Dialogue: 0,0:35:52.96,0:35:56.04,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,但仔细观察 发现这些气体
Dialogue: 0,0:35:56.04,0:36:02.56,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,随着季节的变化 集中在一个羽毛状
Dialogue: 0,0:36:03.48,0:36:05.88,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,在温暖的夏季
Dialogue: 0,0:36:05.88,0:36:11.76,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,数千吨的气体从地面喷口释放出
Dialogue: 0,0:36:11.76,0:36:16.60,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,火星地表下 肯定有产生它的东西
Dialogue: 0,0:36:16.60,0:36:21.56,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,可能来自未知的地质过程
Dialogue: 0,0:36:24.12,0:36:28.24,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,但是 也有可能是生物产生的
Dialogue: 0,0:36:29.80,0:36:33.12,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,现在没有人 会真的以为
Dialogue: 0,0:36:33.12,0:36:37.40,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,白蚁生活在火星地下
Dialogue: 0,0:36:37.40,0:36:42.72,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,但故事有趣的地方不是白蚁
Dialogue: 0,0:36:42.72,0:36:45.00,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,而是它们消化木材的方式
Dialogue: 0,0:36:45.00,0:36:51.44,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,你看 它们在生活中使用的共生菌 细菌 称为古细菌
Dialogue: 0,0:36:51.44,0:36:57.08,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,古细菌 可以消化木材 产生甲烷
Dialogue: 0,0:36:57.08,0:37:02.28,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,是地表下最常见的生物
Dialogue: 0,0:37:04.84,0:37:09.52,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,"小鼻涕"也是古细菌的成员
Dialogue: 0,0:37:09.52,0:37:17.04,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,正如在深海热液喷周围发现的许多微生物一样
Dialogue: 0,0:37:17.32,0:37:24.92,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,古细菌在地球最极端的环境中都活得很好
Dialogue: 0,0:37:27.80,0:37:33.64,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,因此 我们看到了甲烷 我认为很可能
Dialogue: 0,0:37:33.64,0:37:40.16,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,火星的大气层就是像古菌生物产生的
Dialogue: 0,0:37:40.16,0:37:43.36,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,生活在火星地下
Dialogue: 0,0:37:45.20,0:37:49.32,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,不过 虽然火星仍然有最大的可能性
Dialogue: 0,0:37:49.32,0:37:53.04,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,但它不再是太阳系中唯一一个
Dialogue: 0,0:37:53.04,0:37:55.84,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,我们认为有外星生命的地方
Dialogue: 0,0:38:01.92,0:38:05.28,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,远方 离太阳10亿公里
Dialogue: 0,0:38:05.28,0:38:09.16,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,这里的太阳系是个与众不同的地方
Dialogue: 0,0:38:11.08,0:38:15.44,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,行星 例如土星 由气体构成 而不是岩石
Dialogue: 0,0:38:19.12,0:38:22.64,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,有大量的水存在 却是冰冻的固体
Dialogue: 0,0:38:25.48,0:38:31.40,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,土星的卫星网络 都来自于冰
Dialogue: 0,0:38:31.40,0:38:34.60,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,它们寒冷 荒凉
Dialogue: 0,0:38:36.08,0:38:41.60,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,它们似乎不是能找到生命的地方
Dialogue: 0,0:38:41.60,0:38:46.08,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,地球上任何地方远远不像这里的完全荒芜
Dialogue: 0,0:39:05.32,0:39:07.40,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,这里是冰岛中心
Dialogue: 0,0:39:07.40,0:39:13.56,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,每年的这个时候 11月中旬 这里就逐渐荒凉
Dialogue: 0,0:39:13.56,0:39:17.56,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,下午三时 温度已经远低于冰点
Dialogue: 0,0:39:17.56,0:39:20.28,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,太阳在地平线以下
Dialogue: 0,0:39:20.28,0:39:23.84,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,这种状态会持续6个月
Dialogue: 0,0:39:23.84,0:39:30.00,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,这里几乎没有明显的生命痕迹
Dialogue: 0,0:39:30.00,0:39:35.08,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,没有树 没有草 听...
Dialogue: 0,0:39:35.08,0:39:37.60,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,寂静
Dialogue: 0,0:39:39.56,0:39:42.64,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,没有虫叫 没有鸟鸣
Dialogue: 0,0:39:42.64,0:39:44.16,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,啥都没
Dialogue: 0,0:39:48.36,0:39:52.48,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,但正是这种寒冷荒凉
Dialogue: 0,0:39:52.48,0:39:56.36,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,引起了天文生物学家的兴趣
Dialogue: 0,0:39:58.24,0:40:02.96,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,因为这里冰冻的地方有了新的发现
Dialogue: 0,0:40:02.96,0:40:08.40,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,增加了太阳系外域找到生命的希望
Dialogue: 0,0:40:10.08,0:40:12.00,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,在这些冷冻的废料里
Dialogue: 0,0:40:12.00,0:40:16.08,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,我们发现了一个特别有趣的世界
Dialogue: 0,0:40:17.04,0:40:19.24,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,它是木星的卫星之一
Dialogue: 0,0:40:26.16,0:40:30.36,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,木星有一个庞大的卫星网络
Dialogue: 0,0:40:30.36,0:40:33.44,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,已知的最大四颗
Dialogue: 0,0:40:33.44,0:40:37.80,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,由伽利略于1610年发现
Dialogue: 0,0:40:37.80,0:40:39.80,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,它们各不相同
Dialogue: 0,0:40:42.88,0:40:46.76,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,最靠近的是木卫一 Io
Dialogue: 0,0:40:46.76,0:40:53.44,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,它破裂的地表 铺盖着火山喷出的黄色硫磺
Dialogue: 0,0:40:59.80,0:41:04.32,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,温度与之相反的是 木卫一的邻居
Dialogue: 0,0:41:04.32,0:41:07.08,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,冰球Europa 木卫二
Dialogue: 0,0:41:10.52,0:41:14.00,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,跟我们月球大小相同
Dialogue: 0,0:41:14.00,0:41:17.44,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,而且它是太阳系中最光滑的星球
Dialogue: 0,0:41:20.92,0:41:26.12,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,它的表面是一层不间断的冰壳
Dialogue: 0,0:41:26.12,0:41:31.12,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,尽管有一条神秘的红色标记蚀刻在表面
Dialogue: 0,0:41:35.20,0:41:40.84,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,它存在于极寒的零下160摄氏度
Dialogue: 0,0:41:40.84,0:41:44.60,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,它绝对不像一个生命之家
Dialogue: 0,0:41:51.48,0:41:55.36,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,从太空拍到的木卫二
Dialogue: 0,0:41:55.36,0:42:00.20,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,是一个广阔 冰冷的荒野
Dialogue: 0,0:42:01.80,0:42:07.44,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,但是 如果你仔细看 你会看到一些地表特征
Dialogue: 0,0:42:07.44,0:42:14.24,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,这些特征会告诉你冰层下有什么
Dialogue: 0,0:42:22.40,0:42:27.80,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,特写镜头 深深的裂缝纵横交错 跨越木卫二表面
Dialogue: 0,0:42:31.52,0:42:33.48,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,更高倍率下
Dialogue: 0,0:42:33.48,0:42:37.72,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,我们看到一些冰层已经破碎为冰山
Dialogue: 0,0:42:37.72,0:42:40.48,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,乱糟糟的
Dialogue: 0,0:42:43.68,0:42:47.76,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,地球上的海冰也是同一构成
Dialogue: 0,0:42:47.76,0:42:52.68,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,海洋运动中造成了冰山弯曲 崩裂
Dialogue: 0,0:42:54.80,0:42:58.76,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,这表明类似的事情 木卫二也可能会发生
Dialogue: 0,0:43:00.72,0:43:04.96,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,它裂缝破碎的方式 提供了
Dialogue: 0,0:43:04.96,0:43:09.52,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,令人信服的证据 木卫二存在过液态水
Dialogue: 0,0:43:13.32,0:43:16.60,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,你看 木卫一环绕木星的轨道
Dialogue: 0,0:43:16.60,0:43:21.36,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,木星强烈的引力又拉伸又挤压它
Dialogue: 0,0:43:21.36,0:43:26.76,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,从而导致其冰壳断裂和破碎
Dialogue: 0,0:43:26.76,0:43:31.80,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,但是这些裂缝的位置不像你期望的那样
Dialogue: 0,0:43:31.80,0:43:36.60,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,对木卫二冰冻表面的解释是
Dialogue: 0,0:43:36.60,0:43:40.80,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,相对于岩石的核心 它漂移过
Dialogue: 0,0:43:40.80,0:43:47.56,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,而唯一可能发生的是 假设有液态水的海洋
Dialogue: 0,0:43:47.56,0:43:53.64,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,包裹着岩石核心 允许外冰层在上面滑动
Dialogue: 0,0:43:57.24,0:44:02.72,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,木卫二的磁场测量证实 它的冰壳
Dialogue: 0,0:44:02.72,0:44:10.24,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,下面有100公里深的海洋
Dialogue: 0,0:44:25.12,0:44:29.52,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,意味着在这个小小的卫星
Dialogue: 0,0:44:29.52,0:44:35.04,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,它的液态水是地球上的两倍
Dialogue: 0,0:44:39.32,0:44:42.32,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,但不只是发现了隐藏的海洋
Dialogue: 0,0:44:42.32,0:44:48.20,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,我们相信 木卫二很可能是最有希望的外星生命的家园
Dialogue: 0,0:44:49.16,0:44:56.04,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,这就是我来到瓦特纳冰原冰川上的冰洞穴的原因
Dialogue: 0,0:44:56.48,0:44:59.12,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,你看 自然界的规律是普遍适用的
Dialogue: 0,0:44:59.12,0:45:04.72,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,这不仅适用于物理定律 也适用于生物定律
Dialogue: 0,0:45:04.72,0:45:06.64,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,如果是这种情况
Dialogue: 0,0:45:06.64,0:45:12.36,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,那么冰岛这些洞穴的发现也许会告诉一些
Dialogue: 0,0:45:12.36,0:45:17.76,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,我们期望木卫二冰冻的地表下的东西
Dialogue: 0,0:45:43.00,0:45:46.36,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,难以用言语表达
Dialogue: 0,0:45:48.28,0:45:51.64,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,绝对的壮观
Dialogue: 0,0:45:51.64,0:45:56.36,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,视觉上 冰的质量
Dialogue: 0,0:45:56.36,0:45:59.68,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,完全是清晰透明的
Dialogue: 0,0:45:59.68,0:46:02.24,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,你可以直接看到它
Dialogue: 0,0:46:04.52,0:46:08.52,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,冰川中心的山洞隧道
Dialogue: 0,0:46:08.52,0:46:13.28,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,其中一些冰已经冻结了1000年
Dialogue: 0,0:46:13.72,0:46:17.84,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,天文生物学家在此找到的冰
Dialogue: 0,0:46:17.84,0:46:23.00,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,使我们认为 木卫二可能充满生命
Dialogue: 0,0:46:31.68,0:46:34.04,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,美国宇航局科学家理查德胡佛
Dialogue: 0,0:46:34.04,0:46:38.16,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,他的职业就是在不可能的地方寻找生命
Dialogue: 0,0:46:41.12,0:46:43.12,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,嗯 很顺利
Dialogue: 0,0:46:45.88,0:46:51.88,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,(意为: 我怎么知道你在这些冰上找到的生命还活着呢)
Dialogue: 0,0:46:51.88,0:46:54.96,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,它们其实现在还活着 并且新陈代谢?
Dialogue: 0,0:46:54.96,0:47:00.36,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,长期以来人们认为冰冻的微生物
Dialogue: 0,0:47:00.36,0:47:04.88,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,有一种所谓的深层复苏状态
Dialogue: 0,0:47:04.88,0:47:09.24,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,假死 现在很清楚了 这不是所有微生物所必要的
Dialogue: 0,0:47:09.24,0:47:16.80,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,它们有些实际上是很活跃地生活在冰里
Dialogue: 0,0:47:16.80,0:47:20.64,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,因此 在这个冰川 这整个地方 整个洞穴
Dialogue: 0,0:47:20.64,0:47:25.92,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,都居住着生命 不是冷冻的冰块?
Dialogue: 0,0:47:25.92,0:47:30.28,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,所有存活的东西 都在生活 细胞分裂 繁殖?
Dialogue: 0,0:47:30.28,0:47:31.80,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,是的
Dialogue: 0,0:47:37.20,0:47:41.28,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,寻找藏在固冰中的生命的前景
Dialogue: 0,0:47:41.28,0:47:43.96,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,给我们带来了最大的影响
Dialogue: 0,0:47:43.96,0:47:48.56,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,冲击着我们的观念 太阳系哪里才是可以生存的地方
Dialogue: 0,0:47:50.12,0:47:52.36,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,行 我们现在是最低放大倍率
Dialogue: 0,0:47:52.36,0:47:54.92,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,那就是十万分之一米
Dialogue: 0,0:47:54.92,0:47:58.08,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,是 我们找到细菌了
Dialogue: 0,0:48:00.64,0:48:05.64,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,这些都是已经被困几千年冰川的有机体?
Dialogue: 0,0:48:05.64,0:48:07.44,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,是的 看看这个
Dialogue: 0,0:48:07.44,0:48:10.44,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,漂亮 你看到了在冰中的生命
Dialogue: 0,0:48:10.44,0:48:14.60,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,我们现在知道 一些微生物
Dialogue: 0,0:48:14.60,0:48:19.96,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,实际上有融化冰的能力
Dialogue: 0,0:48:19.96,0:48:24.08,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,因为它们产生 本质上 是防冻剂的蛋白质
Dialogue: 0,0:48:24.08,0:48:30.60,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,当固态冰变为液态时 它们改变了温度
Dialogue: 0,0:48:30.60,0:48:33.00,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,它们的形态很小
Dialogue: 0,0:48:33.00,0:48:35.96,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,也许直径只有几微米
Dialogue: 0,0:48:35.96,0:48:40.64,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,但如果它能产生2到3微米直径的液态水球
Dialogue: 0,0:48:40.64,0:48:42.96,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,它就可以移动
Dialogue: 0,0:48:42.96,0:48:48.00,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,这种细菌不仅在冰川 也在海洋
Dialogue: 0,0:48:48.00,0:48:52.92,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,这些发现有什么影响?
Dialogue: 0,0:48:52.92,0:48:59.24,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,在地球找到的生活在冰里的细菌 对木卫一有什么影响?
Dialogue: 0,0:48:59.24,0:49:05.56,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,你确实能找到这样的细菌 在地壳附近的固冰里
Dialogue: 0,0:49:05.56,0:49:08.36,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,对我来说最兴奋的是
Dialogue: 0,0:49:08.36,0:49:13.36,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,木卫二的表面 有多种颜色
Dialogue: 0,0:49:13.36,0:49:17.32,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,明确暗示着有微生物生命存在
Dialogue: 0,0:49:17.32,0:49:22.00,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,所以 那里有非常 非常大的可能
Dialogue: 0,0:49:22.00,0:49:27.68,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,木卫二冰层含有活着的微生物
Dialogue: 0,0:49:31.48,0:49:36.68,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,这是个有争议的观点 但它让人深思
Dialogue: 0,0:49:36.68,0:49:40.64,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,木卫二表面神秘的红色斑点
Dialogue: 0,0:49:40.64,0:49:45.44,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,会不会是外星生命的迹象
Dialogue: 0,0:49:50.28,0:49:54.32,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,这个发现
Dialogue: 0,0:49:54.32,0:50:00.72,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,小卫星下的巨型海洋 结合能在冰里生存的生命
Dialogue: 0,0:50:00.72,0:50:05.20,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,以及耐人寻味的红色标记
Dialogue: 0,0:50:05.20,0:50:11.84,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,使木卫一成为最迷人 最重要的外星世界
Dialogue: 0,0:50:21.20,0:50:24.24,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,一个太阳系里真正的奇迹
Dialogue: 0,0:50:24.24,0:50:30.12,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,因为它是我们寻找外星生命的最大希望
Dialogue: 0,0:50:48.68,0:50:51.64,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,问题是 宇宙中 只有我们吗?
Dialogue: 0,0:50:51.64,0:50:58.32,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,我们是银河系里唯一的
Dialogue: 0,0:50:58.32,0:51:03.60,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,是宇宙之中数十亿的星系 生命的港口?
Dialogue: 0,0:51:03.60,0:51:08.04,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,我认为 也许最重要的问题是
Dialogue: 0,0:51:08.04,0:51:11.56,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,为何我们能提出疑问
Dialogue: 0,0:51:11.56,0:51:14.40,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,想想这对我们意味着什么
Dialogue: 0,0:51:14.40,0:51:19.24,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,如果太阳系里没有其他生命
Dialogue: 0,0:51:19.24,0:51:22.76,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,我们的银河系 甚至连宇宙中都没有
Dialogue: 0,0:51:22.76,0:51:26.12,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,我们的地球有多珍贵?
Dialogue: 0,0:51:26.12,0:51:28.68,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,我们有多珍贵?
Dialogue: 0,0:51:28.68,0:51:34.76,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,但想下这个回答 每一颗星球上的每一颗卫星
Dialogue: 0,0:51:34.76,0:51:39.40,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,那里的条件是正确的话 那么生命就能生存和繁衍
Dialogue: 0,0:51:39.40,0:51:44.20,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,使我们成为广泛的宇宙成员的一部分
Dialogue: 0,0:51:44.20,0:51:48.08,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,如果宇宙充满生命的话
Dialogue: 0,0:51:49.60,0:51:54.56,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,如果知道问题的答案是如此深刻重要
Dialogue: 0,0:51:54.56,0:52:00.72,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,那么寻找答案的努力应该是绝对压倒一切的重要
Dialogue: 0,0:52:00.72,0:52:04.08,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,我相信 这是你会问到的最重要的问题了
Dialogue: 0,0:52:04.08,0:52:07.40,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,因为我们有一个回答的机会
Dialogue: 0,0:52:22.00,0:52:25.92,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,我们已经从地球上最极端的地方学到了知识
Dialogue: 0,0:52:25.92,0:52:31.16,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,如果有生命在太阳系 它基本上是很简单的
Dialogue: 0,0:52:31.16,0:52:39.28,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,单细胞有机体 像细菌在最恶劣的环境中生存
Dialogue: 0,0:52:51.36,0:52:53.44,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,似乎只有这点可以肯定
Dialogue: 0,0:52:53.44,0:52:58.24,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,太阳系里有着复杂的生命 唯一的地方
Dialogue: 0,0:52:58.24,0:53:01.04,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,生存 然后可以建立文明
Dialogue: 0,0:53:01.04,0:53:04.32,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,在这里 地球
Dialogue: 0,0:53:05.84,0:53:12.12,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,但是 这是怎么发生的? 是什么使我们的世界如此特别?
Dialogue: 0,0:53:12.12,0:53:19.08,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,因为 毕竟 太阳系的一切都是共同的起源
Dialogue: 0,0:53:21.32,0:53:30.08,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,这一切创造出来的只不过是 45亿年前的尘埃云
Dialogue: 0,0:53:39.24,0:53:43.84,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,(固体世界浓缩出云雾氤氲)
Dialogue: 0,0:53:43.84,0:53:47.20,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,但这些世界却完全不同
Dialogue: 0,0:53:51.16,0:53:57.12,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,太阳系 到处都有爆发硫酸的火山
Dialogue: 0,0:53:59.04,0:54:01.96,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,还有喷冰的
Dialogue: 0,0:54:04.20,0:54:09.92,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,有丰富的气体 旋涡风暴的世界
Dialogue: 0,0:54:12.16,0:54:15.00,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,还有来自冰雕的卫星
Dialogue: 0,0:54:15.00,0:54:18.36,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,隐藏着巨大液态水的海洋
Dialogue: 0,0:54:23.24,0:54:28.16,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,但世界上只有一个地方
Dialogue: 0,0:54:28.16,0:54:31.40,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,结合了物理定律 碰巧地在一个地方 都有这些特征
Dialogue: 0,0:54:34.96,0:54:39.56,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,地球上 温度和大气压 恰到好处
Dialogue: 0,0:54:39.56,0:54:44.40,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,允许液态水 存在于它的表面
Dialogue: 0,0:54:47.84,0:54:52.12,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,它的体积足以保留其熔化的核心
Dialogue: 0,0:54:52.12,0:54:55.64,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,不仅有间歇泉和火山
Dialogue: 0,0:54:55.64,0:54:59.20,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,也产生我们的磁场
Dialogue: 0,0:54:59.20,0:55:04.76,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,避免了太阳风 保护了我们的大气层
Dialogue: 0,0:55:13.40,0:55:17.44,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,它将所有这些奇迹都组合在同一个地方
Dialogue: 0,0:55:17.44,0:55:22.76,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,使得生命有了一个可以生存的立足点
Dialogue: 0,0:55:22.76,0:55:28.20,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,但是 使生命进化成到我们这样的复杂生物
Dialogue: 0,0:55:28.20,0:55:31.20,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,还需要一个重要因素
Dialogue: 0,0:55:31.20,0:55:34.04,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,时间 漫长的时间
Dialogue: 0,0:55:34.04,0:55:42.84,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,它让群山起伏 行星形成 恒星的生和死
Dialogue: 0,0:55:42.84,0:55:49.32,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,它使得地球如此罕见 在宇宙如此珍贵
Dialogue: 0,0:55:49.32,0:55:54.68,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,因为它已经足够稳定 使生命能有的足够时间
Dialogue: 0,0:55:54.68,0:55:57.64,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,来进化到如此壮观的复杂性
Dialogue: 0,0:56:06.24,0:56:12.40,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,地球上的生命能有今天 得益于亿万年的稳定
Dialogue: 0,0:56:14.60,0:56:18.36,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,而该顶峰就是我们 人类
Dialogue: 0,0:56:20.32,0:56:24.36,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,一个已经发展到可以屈服
Dialogue: 0,0:56:24.36,0:56:29.60,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,塑造和改变我们周围世界的物种
Dialogue: 0,0:56:31.52,0:56:35.12,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,我们甚至不拘于自己的行星
Dialogue: 0,0:56:35.12,0:56:39.40,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,开始探索我们的宇宙环境
Dialogue: 0,0:56:50.56,0:56:55.24,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,对宇宙的探索
Dialogue: 0,0:56:55.24,0:56:58.12,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,让我们觉得自己微不足道
Dialogue: 0,0:56:58.12,0:57:05.64,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,一个围绕着太阳 数千亿中的一员
Dialogue: 0,0:57:05.64,0:57:07.24,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,但我不这样认为
Dialogue: 0,0:57:07.24,0:57:14.12,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,因为我们发现 结合最最稀有的机遇 以及自然规律
Dialogue: 0,0:57:14.12,0:57:19.24,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,诞生一颗行星 它足以承载文明
Dialogue: 0,0:57:19.24,0:57:22.40,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,这最壮丽的构造
Dialogue: 0,0:57:22.40,0:57:27.76,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,使我们能够探索和了解宇宙
Dialogue: 0,0:57:27.76,0:57:34.60,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,对我来说 我们的文明就是太阳系的奇迹
Dialogue: 0,0:57:49.56,0:57:55.16,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,如果你要寻找太阳系外的"地球"
Dialogue: 0,0:57:55.16,0:57:57.40,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,很大程度上将是显而易见的
Dialogue: 0,0:58:05.56,0:58:12.28,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,我们已经在星球表面 刻画上我们存在的证据
Dialogue: 0,0:58:12.28,0:58:19.68,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,我们的文明已经成为一座灯塔 标识着我们是生命乐园的星球
Dialogue: 0,0:58:58.56,0:59:02.48,ChText,NTP,0,0,0,!Effect,如果你想知道更多有关太阳系的资料 请到以下网址